2 ENGLISH FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES GUIDE TO ACADEMIC WRITING COMBINATORY DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC USAGE A NEW ACTIVE REFERENCE Nadezhda Riabtseva 3 РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК ИНСТИТУТ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЯ Н.К. <...> Рябцева НАУЧНАЯ РЕЧЬ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ РУКОВОДСТВО ПО НАУЧНОМУ ИЗЛОЖЕНИЮ СЛОВАРЬ ОБОРОТОВ И СОЧЕТАЕМОСТИ ОБЩЕНАУЧНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ НОВЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ-СПРАВОЧНИК АКТИВНОГО ТИПА 6-е издание, стереотипное Москва Издательство «ФЛИНТА» 2013 УДК 811.111 ББК 81.2 Англ Р98 Р98 Рябцева. <...> The book consists of two parts: the “Combinatory Dictionary of Scientific Usage” (some 5000 entries, and more than 30,000 expressions illustrated by literary examples) and the “Guide to Academic Writing”, whose purpose is to promote an active linguistic competence in scientific English and to apply it to generating one’s own paper – as opposed to translating it, which requires professional linguistic skills. <...> Discussion: Results and their interpretation; Unsolved/ remaining/ new problems; obstacles and barriers; Scientific context: inferences, suggestions, predictions . <...> Emphasis; Impersonal constructions accounting for: Backgrounds, Focusing, Comments and intentions, Evaluating and prospecting, Choosing and stating; Arguing by negation; Arguing by inversion . <...> Parenthesis; Appositive emphatic patterns accounting for: Conditions; Explaining; Comparing and inferring, Cooperating, Exemplifying, Generalizing, Succession, Thematization, Descriptions, Additions and appositions, Attitudes, Temporalia . <...> “Комбинаторный словарь” включает не только “традиционные” общенаучные понятия-существительные типа гипотеза, теория, метод, принцип, функция и т.п., но и слова всех других частей речи, полнозначные и служебные, непосредственно участвующие в научном изложении. <...> Preface 1 0 Part II shows how to focus reasoning, arguing and inferring through the use of special “rhetorical devices”: emphatic words and expressions, auxiliaries (conjunctions, particles, pronouns, etc.), and word order. <...> “P is rather doubtful”; “It <...>
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РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК
ИНСТИТУТ ЯЗЫКОЗНАНИЯ
Н.К.Рябцева
НАУЧНАЯ РЕЧЬ
НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
РУКОВОДСТВО ПО НАУЧНОМУ ИЗЛОЖЕНИЮ
СЛОВАРЬ ОБОРОТОВ И СОЧЕТАЕМОСТИ
ОБЩЕНАУЧНОЙ ЛЕКСИКИ
НОВЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ-СПРАВОЧНИК АКТИВНОГО ТИПА
6-е издание, стереотипное
Москва
Издательство «ФЛИНТА»
2013
Стр.2
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.2 Англ
Р98
Р98
Рябцева. Н.К.
Научная речь на английском языке: Руководство по научному изложению. Словарь
оборотов и сочетаемости общенаучной лексики. Новый словарь-справочник активного
типа (на английском языке) [Электронный ресурс]. — 6-е изд., стер. — М.: ФЛИНТА,
2013. — 598 с.
ISBN 978-5-89349-167-8
“English for Scientific Purposes” is a new type of reference book aimed at providing multifaceted support
to non-English-speaking scientists in writing their papers in English. Compiled from extensive original
sources, the book systematically presents a wide range of expressions, word combinations, phrases, speech
patterns and examples characteristic of the English academic style, allowing users to express their ideas
clearly and in a simple straightforward way so as to form a unified whole – an abstract, report, article,
review, or any other publication.
The book consists of two parts: the “Combinatory Dictionary of Scientific Usage” (some 5000 entries,
and more than 30,000 expressions illustrated by literary examples) and the “Guide to Academic Writing”,
whose purpose is to promote an active linguistic competence in scientific English and to apply it to
generating one’s own paper – as opposed to translating it, which requires professional linguistic skills. The
book is intended for graduate students and scholars in all disciplines with reading skills in English, as well
as for those engaged in teaching, studying, learning and practicing scientific translation into English.
Словарь-справочник призван оказать специалистам многостороннюю языковую помощь в
написании научных трудов на английском языке. Справочник построен на представительном материале
оригинальных английских научных текстов и содержит системно упорядоченные выражения,
словосочетания, обороты и примеры, характерные для английского научного стиля и позволяющие
просто, четко и ясно излагать свои мысли на английском языке и связывать их в единое целое –
резюме, тезисы, доклад, статью, рецензию и т.д.
Справочник состоит из двух частей: комбинаторного словаря – “Словаря оборотов и сочетаемости
общенаучной лексики” (ок. 5 000 словарных единиц и св. 30 000 оборотов и выражений)
и “Руководства по научному изложению на английском языке” – предназначенного активизировать
знания английского языка и его применение в создании текста, в противоположность переводу,
требующему профессионального владения языком.
Для студентов, магистрантов, аспирантов, ученых и специалистов всех областей знания, владеющих
английским языком в объеме, позволяющем читать научную литературу по своей специальности, а
также для преподавателей, переводчиков, лингвистов, стилистов и филологов, чья деятельность
связана с изучением, преподаванием или практикой перевода научных текстов на английский язык.
УДК 811.111
ББК 81.2 Англ
ISBN 978-5-89349-167-8
© Издательство «ФЛИНТА», 2013
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CONTENTS
Предисловие .................................................................................................................. 7
Preface ............................................................................................................................ 9
Literary Sources ........................................................................................................... 11
Abbreviations. Symbols ............................................................................................... 12
GUIDE TO ACADEMIC WRITING IN ENGLISH............................................ 13
I. TEXT ORGANIZATION: THE STRUCTURE OF THE ARTICLE ............ 13
1. Introduction: General remarks (setting a goal); Summary lead;
Materials and methods ................................................................................... 13
2. Compositional formulas: Transitions (Cross-reference, interlinks
between sections/ points; organizing the exposition); Text generating lexicon;
Further intentions ........................................................................................... 14
3. References to authors and bibliography: References, citations,
comparisons; Positive comments; Criticism and objections .......................... 18
4. Data analysis: Empirical observations, data, illustrations, examples;
Experiments, tests, estimates, measurements, verifications;
Results and their representation ..................................................................... 23
5. Discussion: Results and their interpretation; Unsolved/ remaining/
new problems; obstacles and barriers; Scientific context: inferences,
suggestions, predictions .................................................................................. 31
6. Conclusion/ Concluding remarks: Prospects and applications;
Proposals for further research; Concluding remarks/ summary .................... 38
7. Appendix: Appendices; Latin abbreviations and expressions;
Acknowledgments; Printing and publication ................................................. 42
II. REASONING, ARGUING, INFERRING, DESCRIBING:
SPEECH PATTERNS & RHETORICAL DEVICES.......................................... 44
8. Emphasis; Operators: Intensifiers; Moderators; Emphatic
attitudes, qualification, quantification, operators, deictics,
quantifiers, connectors .................................................................................... 44
9. Emphasis; Impersonal constructions accounting for: Backgrounds,
Focusing, Comments and intentions, Evaluating and prospecting,
Choosing and stating; Arguing by negation; Arguing by inversion .............. 52
10. Parenthesis; Appositive emphatic patterns accounting for:
Conditions; Explaining; Comparing and inferring, Cooperating,
Exemplifying, Generalizing, Succession, Thematization, Descriptions,
Additions and appositions, Attitudes, Temporalia ........................................ 53
11. Inversion; Emphatic patterns accounting for: Rhematization,
Topicalization, Caution, Contrasting, Interrogating..................................... 57
12. Emphasis; Links and connectors accounting for: Conjuncting;
Adjuncting; Correlating; Opposing; Orientating; Coordinating;
Determining .................................................................................................... 59
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13. Descriptions; Temporalia: Periods and dating; Temporalia;
Contemporalia; Precedentia; Modus temporalia; Frequencies
and duration; Succession ................................................................................ 64
14. Quantity descriptions: Quantities; Quantitative changes;
Dimensions and distances; Evaluation; Parameters; Statistics;
Quantity intensifiers; Quantification; Comparisons and estimates ............... 67
III. TEXT COMMENTS: COMMENTING; SUMMARIZING;
REVIEWING; ABSTRACTING; IMPROVING STYLE;
TITLES; FURTHER READING ......................................................................... 74
15. Self-comment: Self-reference; Indirect reference/ comments;
Cooperating; Modalities: suppositions, opinions, proposals, caution,
inferences; Dropping the subject/ prospecting; Extending the exposition
(Human realia; Education; Computers) ......................................................... 74
16. Self-summary: Summary-lead; Summary-abstract;
Summary-conclusion; Abridged examples ..................................................... 78
17. Review: Comments on the contents; Criticism; Judgments;
Recommendations/ Readership ...................................................................... 80
18. Resumé: Models and patterns; Abridged examples ....................................... 81
19. Annotations, Titles: Selected examples .......................................................... 83
20. Improving style: «Style specialists recommend...»; «Escaping jargon»;
Some stylistic hints for Russian users............................................................. 86
21. Further reading ............................................................................................... 90
COMBINATORY DICTIONARY OF SCIENTIFIC USAGE................................. 92
Организация словарной статьи................................................................... 92
Arrangement of entries ................................................................................... 93
APPENDIX. Научная речь, научный стиль и Словарь-справочник ................ 588
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