The transition from hand farming to modern power-farming was at fi rst slow, but with the development of the steel plough, the internal combustion engine, the farm tractor, and other modern farm machines, the movement has accelerated. <...> A machine is a device that gives a mechanical advantage, facilitates the doing of work; thus the term “farm machinery” includes the mechanical equipment of fi eld and farmstead from water pumps to tractors. <...> Evolution of the tractor has accompanied changes in farm technology and sizes of farms. <...> The tractor has progressed from its original primary use as a substitute for animal power to the present units designed for multiple uses. <...> Traction power, belt power, power take-off drives, mounted tools, and hydraulic remote control units, as well as power steering, greater range of power sizes, improved engine design including smaller diesel engines, improved transmissions including more operating speeds, differential lock, rubber tires, electric starting and lighting, improved operator comfort and safety all serve to extend the usefulness and effi ciency of the modern tractor. <...> There were two types, namely, a steam tractor, in which an externalcombustion or steam engine supplied the power, and a gas tractor, in which an internal-combustion engine was as the source of power. <...> Later on they were made self-propelling. 5 The steam tractor for fi eld work had its limitations. <...> Next step was the design of a light-weight, low-priced, all-purpose tractor that could do any kind of fi eld and sta tionary work, including ploughing, harrowing, planting, cultivating, threshing. <...> The fi rst tractors supplying power directly to the mechanism of a fi eld machine by means of a power take-off attachment appeared in 1927. <...> Tractors equipped with diesel engine were introduced in 1931. <...> The original sense was “ingenuity, cunning”, hence ‘the product of ingenuity, a plot or snare”, also “tool, weapon” whence a machine, used later on combinations such as steam engine, internal combustion engine. <...> Christian Huyghens was the fi rst man to construct an engine having a cylinder and a piston. <...> He proposed to utilize the heat produced by high compression for igniting the fuel charge in the cylinder. 6 <...>
Сельскохозяйственная_техника.pdf
УДК 631.3 : 811.111
ББК 40. 721 я 7 :81.2Англ
С29
Рецензенты:
доктор филологических наук, профессор СПбГУ
Е. Г. Хомякова;
кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры ПРиМА СтГАУ
М. В. Данилов;
доктор филологических наук, профессор,
зав. кафедрой «Иностранные языки» Саратовского ГАУ
М. А. Ярмашевич
Сельскохозяйственная техника : учебное пособие / сост.
С29
Н. Я. Козловская. – Ставрополь : АГРУС Ставропольского
гос. аграрного ун-та, 2013. – 148 с.
Пособие ставит целью расширение знаний и совершенствование
умений и навыков в области современного английского языка.
Содержит оригинальные тексты по механизации сельского
хозяйства, которые отражают достижения науки и техники и представляют
познавательный интерес для студентов. Данное пособие
снабжено серией упражнений и терминологическим словарём.
Предназначено для студентов факультета механизации сельского
хозяйства аграрных вузов, обучающихся по направлениям:
110800.62 «Агроинженерия» и 190600.62 «Эксплуатация
транспортно-технологических машин и комплексов»,
Рекомендовано к изданию учебно-методической комиссией
факультета Механизации сельского хозяйства (протокол № 1 от
27.08.2013 г.)
УДК 631.3 : 811.111
ББК 40.721 я 7 : 81.2Англ
© ФГБОУ ВПО Ставропольский государственный
аграрный университет, 2013
Стр.2
Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Unit 1. Survey of farm power .
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Unit 2. Engine cycle and principles of operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Unit 3. Diesel engine – construction and operation .
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Unit 4. Fuel systems – Ignition system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Unit 5. Cooling system – Lubricating system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Unit 6. Soil – Tillage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Unit 7. Primary tillage equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Unit 8. Secondary tillage equipment
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Unit 9. Planting equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Unit 10. Types of farm tractors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Unit 11. Combines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Texts for reading and discussing . .
Conservation tillage system .
Axial fl ow combine .
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Hay and forage harvesting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Machinery and equipment for overall mechanization
of livestock breeding and poultry farming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Texts for supplementary reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Tractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Seed drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Spraying equipment .
Fertilizer equipment .
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Miscellaneous harvesting equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Crop processing equipment .
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Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Idioms in English… .
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Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
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Стр.148