Лексикология английского языка (1500,00 руб.)

Defining the basic unit to be counted turns out to be an unexpected difficulty, and the notion of lexeme is introduced. <...> These small words and parts of words (in plain type above) are expressions that tell us nothing about the world, but only about the grammatical categories of the English language; let’s call them morphemes, just to have a term for them. <...> The nonsense parts of the words in the Jabberwocky song above are all noun, verb, and adjective stems, the main parts of words without pre5 fixes or suffixes. <...> Lexemes, remember, are basically noun, verb, and adjective stems or whole words: “violin”, “play”, “small” are lexemes. <...> With these verbs, all we have to do is use them in a noun position, e.g. “the cook guided us through the kitchen”, and we know that the speaker is using the noun, not the verb. <...> The meaning of these adjectives is the same as that of the “syntactic” class: “having the properties of X”, where “X” is the meaning of the underlying word. <...> Well, for some reason known only to the ancient Greeks, who enjoyed the same derivation, before adding “-ic” you had to insert a suffix “-at” if the stem ended on an “m”. <...> So, when English borrowed these words from Greece, the rule came with it. <...> The suffix “-at” probably had meaning in Greek but it certainly has none in English, where it is simply required of all words borrowed from Greek ending on “m” when the suffix “-ic” is applied. <...> So not only do we find morpheme meanings without morphemes, we find morphemes without morphemic meaning. <...> The sound of a morpheme on the other hand, especially prefixes and suffixes may vary wildly. <...> For example, “bili” is the verb stem meaning “buy” and “bibili” means “will buy”. <...> The morpheme here is not a sound but a rule for creating sound. <...> That means that there is no limit on the number of noun, verb, and adjective stems in any language. <...> Assuming that “on” is a word does not distinguish between the lexeme “on” in “The oven is on” and the morpheme “on” in “on the table”. <...> The 8 meaning of “on” the morpheme, but not that of the lexeme may be expressed by a suffix in some languages (cf. <...> Remember, the magic word is LINGUISTICS, a very new science, indeed. <...> When linguists study morphology <...>