Зиятдинова
PRACTICAL MODERN ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY
(ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ
СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)
Учебное пособие
Казань 2008
1
ББК 81.2 Англ я 7
Б 86
УДК 802.0 (07)
Зиятдинова Ю. <...> LEXICOLOGY AND OTHER BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS
Linguistics is the science of language. <...> Language is a system of mental
associations between the objects of reality and their sound forms. <...> Table 1
LEVEL
UNIT
SCIENCE
phonetic
phoneme
phonetics
morphological
morpheme
morphology
lexical
lexeme
lexicology
syntactical
sentence
syntax
Lexicology studies the lexical level of the language. <...> Thus, the literal meaning of the term
“lexicology” is “the science of the word”. <...> The basic task of lexicology is the
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study and systematic description of the vocabulary of a particular language in
respect to its origin, development and current usage. <...> Semasiology studies linguistic units and their meanings. <...> Onomasiology studies
the choice of linguistic units for naming the ideas or the objects of reality. <...> Lexicology
studies words and relations between them, that is, the meaning of the word, and
different types of word-groups in which the word occurs in speech. <...> AIMS AND PROBLEMS OF LEXICOLOGY
Modern English lexicology aims at giving a systematic description of
the word-stock of the language. <...> This course of lectures will investigate the
problems of:
• theory of the word;
• stylistic differentiation of the English vocabulary (stylisticallyneutral and stylistically-marked words);
• etymology of the English words (the sources and growth of the
English vocabulary);
• word structure (morphemes: bound and free; roots and affixes);
• word formation (affixation, word composition, conversion, nonproductive ways of word formation);
• semantics (semasiology) (meaning and change of meanings of
words);
• semantic groupings of words (polysemantic and monosemantic
words, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms);
• phraseology (criteria and sources of phraseological units, their
classification);
• differences between the British English and the American English;
There are two approaches to the subject of study in lexicology:
• synchronic;
• diachronic. <...> RESIN
Diachronically this word belongs to the Middle English vocabulary,
borrowed from Anglo-French “reisine”, from Latin “resina”; akin to Greek
“pine resin”. <...> Synchronically at present the word has the following meanings:
1) any of various solid or semisolid amorphous fusible flammable natural
organic substances that are usually transparent or translucent and
yellowish to brown, formed especially in plant <...>
Practical_modern_english_lexicology_(Практическая_лексикология_современного_английского_языка)._Учебное_пособие.pdf
Федеральное агентство по образованию Российской Федерации
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«Казанский государственный технологический университет»
Кафедра «Иностранные языки в профессиональной коммуникации»
Ю.Н. Зиятдинова
PRACTICAL MODERN ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY
(ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЛЕКСИКОЛОГИЯ
СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)
Учебное пособие
Казань 2008
1
Стр.1
ББК 81.2 Англ я 7
Б 86
УДК 802.0 (07)
Зиятдинова Ю.Н. Практическая лексикология современного
английского языка: Учебное пособие / Казан. гос. технол. ун-т. Казань,
2008. – 96 с.
ISBN 978-5-7882-0525-0
Учебное пособие содержит курс лекций по лексикологии
современного английского языка, в приложении приведены материалы
для практических занятий.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов технических и
специальностей,
экономических
получающих
дополнительную
квалификацию «Переводчик в сфере профессиональной коммуникации»,
а также для магистрантов, аспирантов и широкого круга лиц,
интересующихся английским языком.
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета
Казанского государственного технологического университета.
Рецензенты: канд.филол.наук Г.Р. Сафиуллина
канд.филос.наук А.С. Гурьянов
© Казанский
государственный
технологический университет
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ ...........................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION TO LEXICOLOGY...............................................................6
1. LEXICOLOGY AND OTHER BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS..................6
2. AIMS AND PROBLEMS OF LEXICOLOGY...............................................8
3. NATURE AND STRUCTURE OF THE WORD...........................................9
4. SEMANTIC STRUCTURE OF THE WORD...............................................11
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #1.................................................................11
STYLISTIC DIFFERENTIATION OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY...12
1. STYLISTICALLY-NEUTRAL WORDS .....................................................12
2. STYLISTICALLY-MARKED WORDS.......................................................12
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #2.................................................................15
ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS ...........................................................16
1. ETYMOLOGY AS A BRANCH OF LEXICOLOGY..................................16
2. EARLY INVASIONS ...................................................................................17
3. WORDS OF NATIVE ORIGIN....................................................................19
4. BORROWINGS (LOANWORDS) ...............................................................20
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #3.................................................................26
WORD STRUCTURE AND WORD FORMATION........................................27
1. WORD STRUCTURE...................................................................................27
2. AFFIXATION...............................................................................................30
3. WORD COMPOSITION...............................................................................32
4. CONVERSION .............................................................................................34
5. NON-PRODUCTIVE WAYS OF WORD FORMATION ...........................36
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #4.................................................................37
SEMANTICS (SEMASIOLOGY) ......................................................................39
1. SEMANTICS AS A BRANCH OF LEXICOLOGY ....................................39
2. WORD MEANING.......................................................................................40
3. TYPES OF MEANING.................................................................................42
4. CHANGE OF MEANING (SEMANTIC CHANGE) ...................................43
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #5.................................................................49
WORD GROUPINGS..........................................................................................50
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1. POLYSEMY .................................................................................................50
2. HOMONYMY...............................................................................................52
3. SYNONYMY................................................................................................53
4. ANTONYMY................................................................................................54
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #6 .................................................................56
PHRASEOLOGY.................................................................................................57
1. PHRASEOLOGY AS A BRANCH OF LEXICOLOGY..............................57
2. CRITERIA OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS .............................................58
3. SOURCES OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS..............................................60
4. CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ...............................61
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #7 .................................................................64
AMERICAN ENGLISH AND BRITISH ENGLISH........................................65
1. SHORT HISTORY........................................................................................65
2. DIFFERENCES IN GRAMMAR, SPELLING, VOCABULARY, AND
PRONUNCIATION..........................................................................................67
QUESTIONS TO LECTURE #8 .................................................................73
SUPPLEMENTS ..................................................................................................74
1. TYPICAL LATIN AFFIXES........................................................................74
2. TYPICAL FRENCH AFFIXES ....................................................................75
3. LATIN BORROWINGS ...............................................................................76
4. ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................77
5. SOUND IMITATION ...................................................................................78
6. INTERJECTIONS.........................................................................................79
7. CROSSWORD OF HOMOPHONES............................................................80
8. MORE HOMOPHONES...............................................................................81
9. CROSSWORD OF ANTONYMS.................................................................82
10. COMMON COMPARISONS .....................................................................83
11. HE’S REALLY A PAIN IN THE NECK! ..................................................84
12. HE HAS THE MEMORY OF AN ELEPHANT!........................................86
13. MATCH THE IDIOM.................................................................................88
14. BINOMIALS...............................................................................................89
15. BRITISH VERSUS AMERICAN VOCABULARY...................................90
16. CHANGE THE WORDS ............................................................................93
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ.............................................................................................95
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