Aging of Polymers and Polymeric Materials Caused by Environmental Impact: In 2 parts. Part 2 (190,00 руб.)

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UDK 541.64:66 (076.5) Published by the decision of the Editorial Review Board of the Kazan National Research Technological University Reviewers: Professor, PhD in Chemistry A. Burilov Associate Professor, PhD in Chemistry S. Egorova Authors: E. Cherezova, G. Nugumanova, G. Timirbaeva, Yu. Karaseva Aging of Polymers and Polymeric Materials Caused by Environmental Impact : tutorial : In 2 parts. Part 2 / E. Cherezova [et al.]; The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, Kazan National Research Technological University. – Kazan : KNRTU Press, 2019. – 112 p. ISBN 978-5-7882-2588-3 ISBN 978-5-7882-2590-6 (p. 2) The main data on issues of polymer aging caused by various factors are summarized. The characteristics of macromolecular reactions in addition to thermal, thermal-oxidative degradation, degradation caused by the aggressive environment, high-energy radiation, etc. are considered. The tutorial is intended for students studying Master Degree Program 18.04.01 «Chemical Engineering» related to such study fields as Chemical Engineering of Polymers and Polymeric Materials as well as Chemical and Physical Modification of High Molecular Compounds, Chemical Engineering of Synthetic Rubber, Chemistry and Physics of High Molecular Compounds, Catalytic Engineering in Petroleum Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry. The tutorial is prepared by Technology of Synthetic Rubber Department. UDK 541.64:66 (076.5) ISBN 978-5-7882-2590-6 (p. 2) ISBN 978-5-7882-2588-3 © Cherezova E., Nugumanova G., Timirbaeva G., Karaseva Yu., 2019 © Kazan National Research Technological University, 2019 2

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CONTENTS 1. Principles of Protecting Polymers against Thermal Aging. Thermal Stabilizers. Classification and Application Examples ............ 3 1.1. Scavengers of Alkyl Radicals ............................................................... 3 1.1.1. Sterically Hindered Amines.......................................................... 3 1.1.2. Hydroxyl Amines ......................................................................... 5 1.1.3. Benzofuranone Derivatives .......................................................... 5 1.1.4. Phenols Modified by Acryloyl ..................................................... 5 1.2. Scavengers of Low Molecular Weight Degradation Products .............. 6 1.3. Thermal Stabilizers for Polyvinyl Chloride .......................................... 7 1.3.1. Metal-Containing Stabilizers for PVC ......................................... 7 1.3.2. Esters and Salts of Epoxy-carboxylic Acids ................................. 9 2. Principles of Protecting Polymers against Oxidation ....................... 13 2.1. The General Mechanism of Inhibition of the Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of the Carbochain Polymer Main Chain Types of Antioxidants ............................................................................... 14 2.1.1. Hydrogen Donors ....................................................................... 16 2.1.1.1. Aromatic Amines ..................................................................... 18 2.1.1.2. Substituted Phenols ................................................................. 18 2.1.2. Hydroperoxide Decomposers ..................................................... 20 2.1.2.1. Phosphites and Phosphonites .................................................. 21 2.1.2.2. Sulfides .................................................................................... 21 2.1.2.3. Metal Deactivators .................................................................. 22 2.1.2.4. Multifunction Stabilizers ......................................................... 23 2.1.2.5. Mixtures of Stabilizers ............................................................. 23 2.2. Synergism of Stabilizer Antioxidant Effect ........................................ 23 2.3. Additional Criteria of Antioxidant Classification ............................... 28 3. Principles of Protecting Polymers Against Ozone Aging. Classification of Antiozonants ................................................................ 31 3.1. Chemically Active Antiozonants ........................................................ 31 3.2. Inert Antiozonants .............................................................................. 32 4. Principles of Protecting Polymers against Flammability ................... 36 4.1. Methods to Reduce the Flammability of Polymers ............................ 36 4.2. Classification and Mode of Action of Fire Retardants ....................... 38 108

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4.2.1. Mode of Action of Halogen-Containing Fire Retardants ........... 40 4.2.2. Synergistic Mixtures of Halogen-Containing Fire Retardants and Metal Oxides ................................................................ 43 4.2.3. Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants ..................................... 44 4.2.3.1. Mechanism of Effect of Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants ............................................................................................ 44 4.2.3.2. Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants Containing Halogen Atoms ..................................................................................... 48 4.2.3.3. Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants Containing Nitrogen Atoms ..................................................................................... 49 4.3. Metal Hydroxides. Mechanism of Inhibitory Effect of Metal Hydroxides................................................................................................. 50 4.3.1. Aluminum Hydroxide ................................................................. 51 4.3.2. Magnesium Hydroxide ............................................................... 51 4.4. Other Classes of Fire Retardants ........................................................ 52 4.5. Chemical Modification of Polymers ................................................... 53 4.5.1. Chlorination ................................................................................ 53 4.5.2. Sulfochlorination ........................................................................ 54 4.5.3. Phosphorylation .......................................................................... 54 5. Principles of Protecting Polymers against Photodestruction ........... 57 5.1. Light Reflecting Additives (Screening Additives) ............................. 57 5.2. UV absorbers ...................................................................................... 60 5.3. Quenching Excited States ................................................................... 68 5.4. Free Radical Scavengers ..................................................................... 70 5.4.1. Acceptors of Alkyl Radicals ....................................................... 70 5.4.2. Peroxide Radical Scavengers...................................................... 76 5.5. Requirements for Light Stabilizers ..................................................... 77 5.6. Synergistic Mixtures of Light Stabilizers for Polymers ..................... 79 6. Principles of Protecting Polymers against Biodegradation .............. 91 6.1. Types of Microorganism Effect on Polymeric Materials ................... 91 6.2. Methods of Protecting Materials against Biodeterioration ................. 93 7. Methods of Stabilizer Introduction .................................................. 102 Bibliography ........................................................................................... 105 109

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