Строительные сооружения (110,00 руб.)

УДК 624.01+808.2](076.5) ББК 81.411.2-9 ISBN 978-5-98276-441-6 © Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «Волгоградский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет», 2011 Оглавление Text 1. <...> Tunnel A tunnel is an underground passage. <...> A tunnel may be for pedestrians or cyclists, for general road traffic, for motor vehicles only, for rail traffic, or for a canal. <...> The way of digging is chosen by the type of ground. <...> There are two additional ways of digging: quarry and “cut and cover”. <...> In the “cut and cover” system, a tunnel is dug in the ground and afterwards a roof is built above the tunnel. <...> This system fits tunnels that are close to the ground like road tunnels and infrastructure. <...> Rail Stations with much traffic usually provide pedestrian tunnels from one platform to another, though others use bridges. <...> The Channel Tunnel between France and England is one of the longest tunnels in the world. <...> Motives to build a tunnel are: a subway is based on a network of tunnels that are dug underground so the trains won’t disturb and won’t be disturbed by the local transport; on the path of a railroad track or a road a tunnel is dug when the lane encounters an obstacle such as a mountain to avoid bypassing the obstacle; a tunnel is built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle as a replacement for building a bridge above it; 4 a tunnel is built to connect between military posts so the movement between them won’t be visible for the enemy; a tunnel is built for infrastructure like electricity cables, water, communication and sewerage to avoid damage and disruption above ground; some tunnels are used by prisoners to escape jail; sometimes tunnels are used by criminals to do a bank robbery (e.g. in Brazil, Summer 2005). <...> Describe two additional ways of digging: quarry and “cut and cover”. 5. <...> Tunnels provide some of the last available space for cars and trains, water and sewage, even power and communication lines. <...> The final step is lining: engineers add the final touches, like the roadway and lights, when the tunnel is structurally sound. <...> Because the ground is soft, a support structure, called a tunnel shield, must be used at the head of the tunnel to prevent it from collapsing. 2. <...> Read and remember the words. congested burrow <...>