Право в целом. Методы и вспомогательные правовые науки

Книга известного болгарского юриста Янаки Стоилова «Принципы права: понятие и применение» впервые была опубликована в 2018 г. в Софии и стала событием в теоретико-правовой науке. В монографии представлена авторская концепция принципов права – «четвертый способ» их обоснования как нормативно-социальный феномен. На основе массива историко-философских источников и современного законодательства показывается нормативная природа принципов права, анализируются их функции, формы и виды. Автор оценивает роль принципов права в легитимации закона и правопорядка. Книга имеет ярко выраженный междисциплинарный характер – она написана с точки зрения фундаментальной юриспруденции, на стыке философии, этики, социологии.

Книга содержит извлечения из основных дошедших до нас источников римского права. В первую очередь в ней приводятся Законы XII таблиц, Институции Гая и Дигесты Юстиниана, снабженные учебными комментариями общего характера.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Журнал входит в Перечень ВАК ведущих рецензируемых научных журналов и изданий, в которых должны быть опубликованы основные научные результаты диссертаций на соискание ученых степеней доктора и кандидата наук

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Игорь Андреевич Исаев, доктор юридических наук, профессор, выдающийся ученый и философ, автор ряда монографий и учебников по истории государства и права, истории политических и правовых учений, философии права. В данный том вошли такие избранные труды, как «Закон и Революция. Легальные основания революционного мифа», «Воображаемая государственность. Пространство без территории», «Суверенитет. Закрытое пространство власти»,«Мифологемы закона». Каждая из работ обладает как вполне самостоятельным значением, так и прочно связана с остальными трудами. Красной нитью через весь сборник проходит вопрос о первоначальной природе понятий Власть и Право.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Без знания основ латинского языка, его фонетического и грамматического строя не сможет обойтись ни один высококвалифицированный юрист, ибо латынь необходима для понимания международных правовых терминов и юридических формул, чтения в подлиннике источников римского права, многие понятия которого легли в основу законодательных систем целого ряда современных государств. Учебное пособие охватывает законченный цикл латинской грамматики и состоит из вводного урока и 15 уроков, включающих грамматику, предложения для чтения, перевода и морфологического разбора, лексический минимум, упражнения, список латинских выражений и сентенций юридического обихода, обязательных для запоминания. В пособие включены также тексты для чтения, словари юридических терминов и выражений латинского языка и латинско-русский словарь.

Монография посвящена вопросам использования специальных познаний в уголовном судопроизводстве. Основное внимание уделено рассмотрению уголовно-процессуального статуса эксперта, а также участию эксперта в досудебном производстве по уголовным делам о таможенных преступлениях.

Журнал входит в Перечень ВАК ведущих рецензируемых научных журналов и изданий, в которых должны быть опубликованы основные научные результаты диссертаций на соискание ученых степеней доктора и кандидата наук

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Американский исламовед Ваэль Халляк прослеживает эволюцию суннитской теории права от IX в. н.э. до наших дней. Он подробно рассматривает основные составляющие этой теории и их изменения в контексте общественно-политических отношений в мусульманском мире. Особое место занимает анализ методологических проблем, с которыми сталкиваются современные исламские реформаторы, и подходов, которые они предлагают для формулирования обновленной версии теории права. В книге представлена практически вся основная терминология исламской теории права (у?с?л ал-фик?х) и даны подробные пояснения для каждого понятия.

В учебном пособии подробно рассмотрены исторические и теоретические основы правовой культуры, роль и место правосознания и правовой практики в ней и в преодолении коррупционных проявлений среди должностных лиц таможенных органов. В приложениях даны опорные схемы по каждому модулю.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

Изложены основные аспекты основ законодательной, фундаментальной и практической метрологии, общие положения стандартизации, менеджмент качества и правовые основы сертификации, квалиметрия, аудит и самооценка как методы сертификации и др. Для оценки качества усвоения теоретического материала даются тесты и глоссарий.

Мультиотраслевой научный юридический журнал на английском языке, выходит с 2014 г. Журнал нацелен на интеграцию российской правовой науки в мировое юридическое сообщество и обогащение российской научной мысли зарубежным опытом. Публикует работы по самым актуальным юридическим проблемам в различных отраслях права: публичного и частного, государственного и международного. On behalf of the Kutafin University Law Review, let us be among the fi rst to welcome you to the pages of our journal. We hope you will fi nd this periodical as enjoyable as we do. This is one of the few English-language legal journals in Russia. The Kutafi n Moscow State Law University (MSAL) was founded in 1939 as a successor of the Judicial Courses. Today, the MSAL is the biggest and most famous Law University within the territory of the former Soviet Union. About 18.000 students are studying different law disciplines behind the walls of the MSAL at the moment. The Kutafin University Law Review (KULawR) was established by the MSAL in 2014 as an editorial project aimed to spread legal knowledge generated by leading Russian scholars all over the world. Their achievements have not been accessible to respective non-Russian speaking audiences for a long time. One of the main ideas of this journal is to fi ll that gap. In addition, we welcome contributions from all legal researchers from every corner of the world. We would like to bring the Kutafi n University Law Review to the level of a new and authentically international law journal. It presumes that the content of the periodical should refl ect actual, modern, and innovative legal issues. The contents of the KULawR cover different legal branches and scholarships. We would be happy to focus on random topics of law, as well as allied sciences – legal sociology, criminology, forensics, etc. The pages of the KULawR are opened for a wide range of new and creative opinions.

«Вестник Университета имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА)» — новый научный журнал, учрежденный Московским государственным юридическим университетом имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА) в 2014 г., стремящийся продолжить лучшие вековые традиции российской юридической периодики. Отличие «Вестника» от иных журналов, издаваемых Университетом (Lex Russica, «Актуальные проблемы российского права», Kutafin University Law Review), и от других российских периодических изданий в том, что каждый его выпуск посвящен отдельной отрасли правовых знаний, например адвокатуре, административному праву, судебной экспертизе и т.д. Журнал будет знакомить: с основными направлениями развития юридической науки; с актуальными проблемами теории и истории права и государства; конкретных отраслей права; сравнительного правоведения; методики преподавания правовых и общегуманитарных дисциплин, а также иностранных языков в юридическом вузе; с правоприменительной практикой; с путями совершенствования российского законодательства; с известными российскими и зарубежными учеными, их теоретическим наследием; с материалами конференций и круглых столов, проведенных в Университете или с участием профессорско-преподавательского состава Университета в других российских и зарубежных научных центрах; с новой юридической литературой. Авторами «Вестника» являются профессорско-преподавательский состав Университета, российские государственные и общественные деятели, ученые-юристы из других стран, аспиранты, юристы-практики, студенты юридических вузов и факультетов.

Книга содержит латинский текст с параллельным русским переводом знаменитых Дигест императора Юстиниана, являвшихся основным учебным пособием и юридическим источником по римскому праву для многих десятков поколений юристов средневековья, Нового и Новейшего времени. Составленные в VI в. н.э. из фрагментов сочинений римских классических юристов, Дигесты являются основным источником наших знаний о римской юриспруденции I–III вв. н.э. Вместе с тем они служат и источником для изучения позднеримского права, так как наряду с Кодексом и Институциями Юстиниана были основным источником права в византийских судах VI–VII вв. н.э. В настоящем томе дается перевод первых четырех книг Дигест.

Учебник представляет собой энциклопедический и компаративистский курс, раскрывающий на основе федерального образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования базовые положения, понятия и проблемы государства и права. Широко использованы наработки российской правовой науки и основные достижения зарубежной юриспруденции.

Это первый фундаментальный учебник, раскрывающий проблемы спортивного маркетинга и его нормативного регулирования. Обобщена, систематизирована и прокомментирована действующая нормативная база в данной сфере. Проанализирована практика применения нормативных актов, определены направления их совершенствования. Рассмотрен опыт регулирования спортивного маркетинга в зарубежных странах.