УДК 347.441
ББК 67.404.201
С 25
С 25 Свобода договора: Сборник статей / Рук. авт. кол. и отв. ред.
докт. юрид. наук М.А. Рожкова. – М.: Статут, 2016. – 671 с. –
(Анализ современного права).
ISBN 978-5-8354-1182-5 (в обл.)
Двенадцатый сборник из серии «Анализ современного права» объединяет
статьи, посвященные проблематике свободы договора. В представленных
работах анализируются различные, порой весьма неожиданные
аспекты свободы договора, определяются дальнейшие перспективы
развития данного принципа, разбираются вопросы, тесно связанные
с обозначенной темой, и т.п.
Для судей, адвокатов, практикующих юристов, научных работников,
преподавателей, аспирантов и студентов юридических факультетов,
а также всех тех, кого интересуют проблемы развития российского права
и вопросы применения действующего законодательства.
УДК 347.441
ББК 67.404.201
ISBN 978-5-8354-1182-5
© Коллектив авторов, 2015
© Издательство «Статут», редподготовка, оформление, 2015
Стр.2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword ............................................................................................3
List of abbreviations ............................................................................4
Andrey A. Bogustov
Problems of Exercise of Principle of Freedom of Contracts in the Model
Rules of European Private Law (Grodno, Belarus) ...................................6
The article deals with development of mechanisms of limitation of freedom
of contracts in the Model Rules of European Private Law. It is spoken in detail
consequences of application of standard terms of contracts and legal mechanism
of defence economically of more weak party.
Nicolas Rouiller
Contracts That Infringe Regulations and Prohibitions: Nullity And Proportionality
(Lausanne, Switzerland) .....................................................16
The freedom of contracts is limited by extremely numerous regulations and prohibitions.
Many legal systems set forth that contracts that infringe these regulations are
null (void) and generate thus no contractual effects. The judicial practice has often
been confronted with the need of more nuanced solutions, with, as a consequence,
a serious lack of predictability. The article points out that approaching the issue
under the principle of proportionality allows delineating predictable and appropriate
consequences to the civil sanction of illegal contracts. Nullifying contractual effects
shall, in general, not serve the purpose of punishing the parties, since other legal
instruments set forth by the infringed law (administrative or criminal sanctions, incl.
confiscation of illicit profit) fulfill this function. From another point of view, it shall
not be abstained from nullifying effects for the sole purpose of protecting a good faith
party’s reliance (trust) on the validity of the contract, since such protection is granted
by a particular liability (often referred to as «culpa in contrahendo»). As a result,
the appropriate sanction consists in nullifying contractual effects to the extent useful
to preserve or (if it is in concreto possible when the illegal contract has been fulfilled)
reestablish a situation that complies with the infringed regulation. Such proportionate
and efficient sanction can be called the «useful nullity».
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Aibek Sh. Ahmedov
Freedom of Contract in Islamic Law: Paradigms and Perspectives (Moscow,
Russia) ..................................................................................................25
The present study examines the issues and perspectives of freedom of contract in
Islamic law. Particularly it highlights the problematic approach of Muslim jurists to
the concept of contract, which led to unjustified restriction of freedom of contract.
Alexey A. Kot
Freedom of Contract in the Civil Law of Ukraine (Kiev, Ukraine) ....44
The article is devoted to the phenomenon of idea of freedom of contract in the
private law of Ukraine. The author first analyzed the key stages of development
of requirements of freedom of contract in the historical context and described the
nature and origins of this idea. This was the starting point for further analysis of
the current law of Ukraine. Moreover, taking into consideration the current judicial
practice the overall content of the principle of freedom of contract and its limitations
were identified.
The research allowed the author to demonstrate and argue both from a theoretical
and practical point of view the importance of the idea of freedom of contract
for private law. It should be neither tribute to the traditions nor just dead
rule. On the contrary, from the point of view of the history of private law, the
prospects for its development and improvement, and according to the developers
of the Civil Code of Ukraine the idea of freedom of contract should be elevated
to the rank of the principle of private law.
Inna V. Spasybo-Fateyeva
Some Aspects of Freedom of Contract in the Legislation and Court
Practice of Ukraine (Kharkiv, Ukraine) .................................................81
The article reveals the essence of freedom of contract in different aspects:
as a principle of regulation and its limits; relationship with other principles of
civil law; coverage by this concept of a contract as a transaction, a text and
a legal relationship; manifestation of the freedom of contract on its different
stages (the conclusion, execution and termination); freedom of contract in the
regulatory and enforcement relationships (from the perspective of responsibility
for its violation).
Vadim A. Belov
The Development Prospects of the Notion of Contract and the Principle
of the Contract Freedom in Russian Private Law (Moscow, Russia) .....105
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The scope of the principle of freedom of contract as described in art. 421 the
RCC, it seems to cover all possible manifestations. But practitioners lawyers are
well knows that it impression is deceptively - it can be confusing only those, who
knows nothing about Russian judicial practice, the settlement of disputes relating
to the conclusion or performance of a contract. Rights from contract, which have
any deviation from the standard and type, are risking does not meet neither legal
protection, nor even the understanding of the Russian court. On the causes of this
situation and whether it is trying to change, and if so – that how exactly, it looks
at the author of this article.
Sergey P. Zhuchenko
The Mixed Contracts in the Context of the European (Continental) Legal
Tradition (Pyatigorsk, Russia) ..............................................................159
The article concerns issues of the legal nature of mixed contracts and delimitation
this phenomenon from similar ones. The rules which are applicable to them
in Russia and abroad (mainly in Germany) are considered.
Dmitry I. Stepanov
Freedom of Contract and Multilateral Contracts (Moscow, Russia)......194
The key distinction between traditional bilateral contracts and multilateral
ones is not about number of parties involved in particular agreement, but rather
how the interests of the parties to agreement to be defined. Normally in a typical
civil law contract, bilateral agreement, there is a strong conflict of interests
between two parties; whereas in multilateral agreement opposition of interests of
parties participating in such a contract might be more complex. As the author
argues, parties to multilateral contract have heterogeneous interests varying from
one group to another and these interests may change in the course of time, furthermore
they are typically contract and case-specific and may change dramatically
over the lifetime for a given contract. Because it is quite difficult (if possible
at all given Arrow’s impossibility theorem) to aggregate preferences of all parties
to multilateral contracts, majority rule is the only way how multilateral contracts
to be governed by contract law. Hence, the author concludes, interaction between
majority rule and the principle of freedom of contract is a key element for regulating
of all multilateral contracts. The paper provides also an outline as how some
specifies problems essential for all multilateral contracts (voting for subsequent
amendments to contract terms, dissolution and expulsion, enforcement by minority
of the contract terms, agency relationship) might be addressed, should the
law has provided adequate enforcement for this type of contractual agreements.
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Konstantin А. Galin, Mikhail B. Zhuzhzhalov
Interpretation Rules of the Standard Terms of Contracts in Germany
(Moscow, Russia) ................................................................................246
The paper discusses the rules of interpreting the standard terms of contracts
(contracts of adhesion) adopted and developed in German legal system. The
article also includes an account of the contemporary state of the relating issues:
the general theory of the standard terms of contracts with some details about its
history, and the German theory of interpretation of law and contracts. It ends
with the particulars in terms of civil procedure and evidence rules
Anastasiya F. Pyankova
The Freedom of a Standard Form Contract (Perm, Russia) .............353
The article is dedicated to the peculiarities of the principle of freedom of
contract in standard form contracts. The significant attention is paid to the redrafted
article 428 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the notions
of the Federal law «On Consumer Credit (Loan)» referring to standard and
individual conditions. The author concludes that general and special legislation
is incoherent and suggests amendments to the Civil Code of the Russian
Federation.
Afanasii A. Tomtosov
New Approaches to the Protection of the Weak Party in the Contract
(Yakutsk, Russia) .................................................................................364
The article is devoted to the new approaches to the protection of the weak
party in the contract.
Olga V. Mazur, Alexander P. Sergeev, Tatiana A. Tereshenko
Liability for Unfair Negotiations as a Restrictions of the Contract Freedom
(Based on the Provisions of Art. 4341
of the Civil Code of Russian
Federation) (Saint Petersburg, Russia) .................................................383
The authors of this article analyze the problem, dedicated to establishment of
content of the contract freedom limits, taking unfair negotiations as the example.
Based on national and international experience of the doctrine and practice,
the authors consistently comment on the main provisions of the institute of precontractual
liability (culpa in contrahendo), which is implemented in the new
Art. 4341
civil law.
of the Civil Code of Russian Federation in the frame of the reform of
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Sergey A. Gromov
Reinstating of Obligations (Saint Petersburg, Russia) ......................397
This paper covers the possibility of reinstating of obligations as a stage of
development of an obligation. It also presents the examples of reinstating of obligations
in legislation and judicial practice and proposes conclusions in regard of
permissibility and effect of reinstating of obligation under agreement of its parties.
Lubov V. Kuznetsova
Realization of the Principle of the Freedom of Contracts in the Rules of
Shareholder Agreements (Moscow, Russia) .......................................... 419
The article relates the problems of the realization of the general principle
of the freedom of contracts in the relationship connected with the execution of
the shareholder agreement. Possibility of the application of this principle to the
shareholder agreement is analyzed in the article taking into account legal nature
of such agreements. Limits of the dispositivity of the shareholder agreement are
specified. Certain examples of the realization of the principle of the freedom of
contracts in the shareholder agreements are considered.
Nikolay T. Kolev
Freedom of Contract and the LLC Articles of Association under the Bulgarian
Law (Sofia, Bulgaria) ................................................................445
The article analyzes the application of freedom of contract principle towards the
LLC articles of association under the Bulgarian law. Based on the freedom of contract,
the shareholders have the right to include in the articles of association various
rules aimed to reflect the specifics of the particular company. The author underlines
the interrelation between the freedom of contract and the rights and obligations of
the shareholders, the co-ownership of shares, the expulsion of a shareholder, the
competence of the general meeting and the termination of the company.
Oleg P. Pecheniy
Freedom of Agreement is in the Inherited Law (Kharkiv, Ukraine) ....455
In the article the problems of freedom of agreement are analysed in the law
of succession. Vision of questions of correlation of agreement and acts of civil
legislation, differentiating of imperative and non-mandatory rules, is expounded.
The questions of the contractual adjusting of the inherited legal relationships,
constructions of the system of agreements, are examined in the in the law of
succession.
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Maryia V. Miashchanava
Contemporary Approaches to Use the Principle of Lex voluntatis in the
International Commercial Contracts (Minsk, Belarus) .........................466
This article looks at principle lex voluntatis (party autonomy) and ways of
expression of such choice. Particular attention is paid to the regulation of party
autonomy by the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, Russian Federation and
the international documents: Rom I Regulation and Draft Hague Principles on
Choice of Law in International Commercial Contract. It is specified how the
clause on an applicable law should be formulated to provide to contractual parties
possibility to refer to international sources and lex mercatoria. A number of
variants of the clauses of an applicable law with comments of their contents are
offered.
Alexander I. Savelyev
The Impact of New Information Technologies on Evolution of Freedom
of Contract (Moscow, Russia) ..............................................................481
The paper analyses the influence of various new information technologies
(Internet of Things, Augmented Reality, Big Data, Cognitive Computing, etc.) on
the understanding and role of freedom of contract in new information society. The
author argues that as such technologies develop further and penetrate deeper into
various aspects of social life, their impact on contract law will be increasing. It
will result in substantial transformation of contract law in direction of more technocratic
approach and decrease of its role of social regulator, driven by the rise of
computer code as a regulator of relations between man and device and between
devices themselves. The paper also analyses new forms of commercialization of
information from the point of view of current Russian legislation and articulates
the especial importance of freedom to conclude innominate agreements in current
Russian legal environment.
Marina A. Rozhkova
An Incorrect Use of the Terms «Consent» and «Agreement» in the Fourth
Part of the Civil Code How a Factor that Resulting to Restriction of Freedom
of Contract (Moscow, Russia) ..............................................................543
The article is devoted to the problem of meaning and understanding the terms
«consent» and «agreement». Based on analysis of a text of the fourth part of the
Civil Code of the Russian Federation the author concludes that these terms are
used in the law incorrectly. It is specified that this mistake lead to restriction of
freedom of contract.
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Aizhan A. Amangeldy
Application of the Principle of Freedom of Contract in the Field of Intellectual
Property (on the Right of the Republic of Kazakhstan) (Almaty,
Kazakhstan) ........................................................................................557
This article analyzes the principle of freedom of contract in the field of intellectual
property rights, namely the example of legislation of the Republic
of Kazakhstan. In this regard, we consider examples of judicial practice and
approaches legislator Republic of Kazakhstan, the opinions of scholars-jurist.
Therefore, revealed the influence of the principle of freedom of contract to the
classification of contracts in the field of intellectual property
Edyard A. Evstigneev
Determination of the Type of Contract Law Rules Through Interpretation:
the Dependence of the Type of Contract Law Rules on Formal Characteristics,
the Grounds of Change of the Type of Rules and the Procedure of Its Determination
(Moscow, Russia) .........................................................................565
The author of this article analyzes provisions of the Decree of the Plenum of
the Supreme Arbitration Court of the RF «On freedom of contract» concerning
the key issues related to the determination of the type of contract law rules. Particular
attention is paid to dependence of the type of contract law rules on formal
characteristics, the grounds of change of the type of rules and the procedure of its
determination. In this connection the author also analyzes the weaknesses and
strengths of the provisions concerning these aspects. The study forms the evidence
in support of the independence of the type of rules on formal characteristics and
the need to use the grounds of change of the type of rules produced by the court
practice. The research also contains recommendations to correct the procedure
of determination of the type of contract law rules.
Maria E. Plyatsidevskaya
Combining of the Principles of Freedom of Contract and Operation of
Law in Time (Moscow, Russia) ............................................................638
This article is about question of possibility for the parties to change law applicable
to their earlier made contract to new one. This option depends on resolving
a collision between principles of freedom of contract and operation of law in
time. The author comes to conclusion that the parties have the right to agree on
appliance of the new law.
About authors .................................................................................648
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СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Предисловие (М.А. Рожкова) ...............................................................3
Указатель сокращений...........................................................................4
Богустов А.А.
Проблемы реализации принципа свободы договора
в Модельных правилах европейского частного права ........................6
Руйе Н.
Свобода договора и договоры, нарушающие публичное право:
недействительность и пропорциональность .....................................16
Ахмедов А.Ш.
Свобода договора в мусульманском праве:
дилеммы и перспективы ....................................................................25
Кот А.А.
Свобода договора в гражданском праве Украины ............................44
Cпасибо-Фатеева И.В.
Некоторые аспекты свободы договора в законодательстве
и судебной практике Украины ..........................................................81
Белов В.А.
Перспективы развития общего понятия договора
и принципа свободы договора в российском частном праве ......... 105
Жученко С.П.
Смешанные договоры в контексте европейской
(континентальной) правовой традиции .......................................... 159
Степанов Д.И.
Свобода договора и многосторонние сделки (договоры) ............... 194
Галин К.А., Жужжалов М.Б.
Правила толкования общих условий заключения сделок
в Германии ....................................................................................... 246
668
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Содержание
Пьянкова А.Ф.
Свобода договора, заключенного на стандартных условиях .......... 353
Томтосов А.А.
Новые подходы к защите слабой стороны договора ....................... 364
Мазур О.В., Сергеев А.П., Терещенко Т.А.
Ответственность за недобросовестные переговоры
как ограничение свободы договора
(на примере положений ст. 4341
Громов С.А.
Восстановление обязательств .......................................................... 397
Кузнецова Л.В.
Реализация принципа свободы договора
в корпоративном договоре ............................................................... 419
Колев Н.Т.
Свобода договора и договор об учреждении ООО
по болгарскому праву .......................................................................445
Печеный О.П.
Свобода договора в наследственном праве ..................................... 455
Мещанова М.В.
Современные подходы к использованию
принципа «lex voluntatis» в международных
коммерческих контрактах ................................................................ 466
Савельев А.И.
Направления эволюции свободы договора
под влиянием современных информационных технологий .......... 481
Рожкова М.А.
Неправильное использование терминов «согласие»
и «соглашение» в части четвертой ГК РФ как фактор,
ограничивающий свободу договора ................................................ 543
Амангельды А.А.
Применение принципа свободы договора
в сфере интеллектуальной собственности
(по праву Республики Казахстан).................................................... 557
669
ГК РФ) ......................................... 383
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Содержание
Евстигнеев Э.А.
Отдельные вопросы определения вида норм
договорного права с помощью толкования:
зависимость вида норм от формальных признаков,
основания изменения вида и алгоритм его определения ............... 565
Пляцидевская М.Э.
Сочетание принципов свободы договора
и действия закона во времени ......................................................... 638
Коротко об авторах ........................................................................... 648
Table of Contents ................................................................................ 661
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