The Existential Process of ISIS* in the Context of US Foreign Policy and International Law (6000,00 руб.)

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УДК 327+341 ББК 66.4+67.412.1 Ш25 Электронные версии книг на сайте www.prospekt.org Шарги А. Ш25 Экзистенциальный процесс ИГИЛ* в контексте внешней политики США и международного права : монография. – Москва : Проспект, 2024. – 176 c. ISBN 978-5-392-40242-7 УДК 327+341 ББК 66.4+67.412.1 Решением Верховного Суда РФ международная организация «Исламское государство» (ИГИЛ) признана террористической, и ее деятельность на территории Российской Федерации запрещена. * Научное издание ШАРГИ АРАШ ЭКЗИСТЕНЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОЦЕСС ИГИЛ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ США И МЕЖДУНАРОДНОГО ПРАВА Монография Печать цифровая. Печ. л. 11,0. Тираж 1000 (1-й завод 100) экз. ООО «Проспект» Подписано в печать 31.07.2024. Формат 60×90 1 111020, г. Москва, ул. Боровая, д. 7, стр. 4. /16 . ISBN 978-5-392-40242-7 ©© Шарги А., 2024 ООО «Проспект», 2024

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УДК 327+341 ББК 66.4+67.412.1 S31 Электронные версии книг на сайте www.prospekt.org Author: Dr. Sharghi A. was born and raised in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Despite the fact that he received education in the field of Deck Engineering, he always was interested in the issues of international relations and political sciences. This determined his choice when entering doctoral studies at Ankara University. He holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree in International Relations. Dr. Arash Sharghi was a member of academic staff at the faculties of European Union Relations and Law at the Near East University (Northern Cyprus). Author of a number of scientific articles, participant and organizer of seminars and conferences. Reviewer at the “International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science”. Academic interests include, but not limited to: International Law, terrorism studies, theories of International Relations, the Middle East studies. Dr. Sharghi A. S31 The Existential Process of ISIS* in the Context of US Foreign Policy and International Law : Monograph. – Moscow : Prospekt, 2024. – 176 p. ISBN 978-5-392-40242-7 The subject of this study is the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the context of United States’ foreign policy. It focuses on the most important and destructive among the extremist religious groups that had emerged and/or had strengthened as a result of US Middle East policies after the Second Gulf War, and its place in international law – questioning its ability to be a state and analyzing the concept of the “use of force” towards such entities. The book aims to provide an overview of the US foreign policy in the Middle East in the historical context during Presidents Bush and Obama administrations, highlighting the role of intellectual background, traditions, values and models of US foreign policy, which take roots in their AngloSaxon founders and/or in the process of US state-building. The spatial and time limitations are applied, thus, a period of approximately 16 years has been analyzed spatially in the context of the Middle East region. The book tends to answer the question of how US policies towards Iraq and Syria created a power gap in the region and to determine how ISIS being a terrorist organization had used this gap, posing the security threat to the region and whole humanity. This book also examines scientific and legal basis used by terrorist organization to identify itself as a state, to discuss this de facto case within the framework of international law and to put forth possible international solutions to fight against ISIS. УДК 327+341 ББК 66.4+67.412.1 * By the decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the international organization “Islamic State” (ISIS) is recognized as terrorist and its activities on the territory of the Russian Federation are prohibited. Scientific edition DR. SHARGHI ARASH THE EXISTENTIAL PROCESS OF ISIS IN THE CONTEXT OF US FOREIGN POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW Monograph Signed for publication on 31.07.2024. Format 60×90 1 111020, Moscow, Borovaya street, 7, building 4. ISBN 978-5-392-40242-7 © Sharghi A., 2024 © Prospekt LLC, 2024 Digital printing. Printed sheet 11,0. Print run 1000 (1st plant 100) copies. Prospekt LLC /16 .

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CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................................................ 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter one: CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND US FOREIGN POLICY 1.1. The Concept of “Middle East” ......................................................................... 16 1.1.1. Reasons That Make the Middle East Special ................................ 19 1.1.2. Geostrategic Importance of the Middle East ................................ 21 1.1.3. Geopolitical Importance of the Middle East ................................ 21 1.1.4. Religious and Cultural Importance of the Middle East ............ 23 1.1.5. The Importance of the Middle East in terms of Energy Resources .............................................................................. 24 1.2. US Foreign Policy Tradition and Culture .................................................... 24 1.2.1. The Importance of the Middle East for the USA ......................... 28 1.2.2. The Middle East Policy of the USA Until the Invasion of Iraq 30 Chapter two: GEORGE W. BUSH MIDDLE EAST POLICY, THE INVASION OF IRAQ AND AFTERMATH 2.1. Bush Administration’s Policy and the Invasion of Iraq ...........................37 2.1.1. Intellectual Background .......................................................................37 2.1.1.1. Neoconservatism ..................................................................37 2.1.1.2. Evangelism ............................................................................ 40 2.1.1.3. The Infl uence of the Jewish Lobby ................................ 41 2.1.1.4. Promotion of Democracy and Exceptionalism .......... 42 2.1.1.5. Vindicationism ..................................................................... 46

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Contents Unilateralism ........................................................................ 48 2.1.1.7. Jacksonianism and Exemptionalism ............................. 50 2.1.2. Bush Doctrine and Strategy for the War on Terrorism .............. 51 2.1.1.6. 2.1.3. 2002 National Security Strategy and Preventive Self- Defense ............................................................................................ 52 2.1.4. Pandora’s Box: Invasion of Iraq ..........................................................57 2.1.5. 2003 US Intervention in Iraq within the International Law .............................................................................................................. 61 2.1.6. Iraq After the Intervention .................................................................. 62 2.2. The Power Vacuum After the Intervention and the Subsequent Islamic Radicalization .............................................. 65 2.2.1. De- Baathization of Iraqi Government ............................................. 65 2.2.2. Disbanding of the Iraqi Army ..............................................................67 2.2.3. Supporting Kurdish Nationalism ...................................................... 68 2.2.4. Shia- Sunni Confl ict ................................................................................ 69 2.3. Post-9/11: The US Policy towards Syria and its Declining Hegemony in the Middle East ....................................................................... 69 Chapter three: PRESIDENT OBAMA ADMINISTRATION’S MIDDLE EAST POLICY AND THE SYRIAN CRISIS 3.1. An Overview of the Obama Administration’s Middle East Policy .............................................................................................. 73 3.1.1. Intellectual Background ...................................................................... 74 3.1.1.1. Discourse of Change and Image Restoration ............ 74 3.1.1.2. Soft and Smart Power .........................................................77 3.1.1.3. Multilateralism ..................................................................... 79 3.1.1.4. Exemplarism ......................................................................... 80 3.1.1.5. Liberal Internationalism ................................................... 81 3.1.2. Obama’s Middle East Foreign Policy and Peace -Making ......... 82 3.1.3. The Obama Doctrine: “Leading from Behind” Policy and Proxy Wars ........................................................................................ 83 3.1.4. 2010 National Security Strategy and the Importance of the Middle East ...................................................................................87 3.2. Iraq, Syria and the Emergence of ISIS in the Context of Obama’s Middle East Foreign Policy ............................................................................. 88 175

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176 Contents The Obama Administration and the Iraq War .......................................... 89 The Obama Administration and the Arab Spring .................................... 91 Syria Crisis, the Rise of ISIS, and Obama Administration ..................... 95 Chapter four: ISIS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 4.1. ISIS Paradigm ....................................................................................................100 4.1.1. The Ideology of ISIS ............................................................................101 4.1.1.1. Salafi sm and Takfi ri thought .........................................101 4.1.1.2. Jihad and Islamic Law of War ........................................103 4.1.2. Organization Structure .......................................................................105 4.2. ISIS from Zarqawi to Baghdadi....................................................................107 4.3. The Problem of ISIS Becoming a State .....................................................109 4.3.1. Recognition of States in International Law ................................109 4.3.1.1. State Recognition Theories ............................................111 4.3.1.2. ISIS in the Context of the Montevideo Convention ..........................................................................113 4.4. Use of Force Against ISIS ..............................................................................119 4.4.1. Use of Force Against Non- State Actors ........................................121 4.4.2. The Application of International Law Against ISIS in the Syrian Confl ict ..........................................................................122 4.4.2.1. Intervention by Invitation ..............................................123 4.4.2.2. Approval by the Security Council .................................128 4.4.2.3. The Right of Self- Defense and the Application of the “Unwilling or Unable” Doctrine .......................129 4.5. US Reasons for Use of Force Against ISIS ...............................................132 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................135 Bibliography ................................................................................................................144

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