The destruction of ancient Rome (190,00 руб.)

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THE DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME

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THE DESTRUCTION OF ANCIENT ROME A SKETCH OF THE HISTORY OF THE MONUMENTS BY RODOLFO LANCIANI D.C.L. OXFORD, LL.D. HARVARD PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT TOPOGRAPHY IN THE UNIVERSlTY OF ROME London MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1901 COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped December, 1899; Reprinted June, 1901 Normood Press J. S. Cushing & Co. - Berwick & Smith Norwood MASS. U.S.A.

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PREFATORY NOTE PROFESSOR RODOLFO LANCIANI needs no introduction to English readers. This book sums up briefly the results of researches, extending over many years, in regard to the fate of the buildings and masterpieces of art in ancient Rome. In his work upon this subject and upon his large map Professor Lanciani has searched hundreds of volumes of municipal and ecclesiastical records, besides examining several thousand separate documents; and he has ransacked the principal libraries of Europe for prints and drawings showing the remains of ancient Rome at different periods. Much of the new material thus collected will appear in fuller form in an extensive work, comprising several volumes, which will be published in Italian under the title Storia degli Scavi di Roma. The present volume is a forerunner of the larger work. Thanks are due to Professor Walter Dennison of Oberlin College, for kind assistance in reading the proofs. F. W. K. NOVEMBER 1, 1899. 1

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CONTENTS PREFATORY NOTE______________________________________________________________ 1 CONTENTS_____________________________________________________________________ 2 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ________________________________________________________3 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY HISTORICAL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL WORKS ________________ 5 PERIODICALS ____________________________________________________________________ 6 CHAPTER I. THE DESTROYERS OF ANCIENT ROME __________________________________7 CHAPTER II THE TRANSFORMATION OF REPUBLICAN ROME BY THE EMPERORS_____10 CHAPTER III THE USE OF EARLIER MATERIALS, PARTICULARLY MARBLES, IN THE BUILDING OPERATIONS OF THE LATER EMPIRE _________________________________ 18 CHAPTER IV THE ASPECT OF THE CITY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE FIFTH CENTURY _26 CHAPTER V THE SACK OF THE GOTHS IN 410, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES _____________ 30 CHAPTER VI THE SACK OF ROME BY THE VANDALS IN 455_________________________36 CHAPTER VII THE CITY IN THE SIXTH CENTURY ___________________________________ 37 CHAPTER VIII BURIAL PLACES WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE WALLS_________________ 42 CHAPTER IX THE DEVASTATION AND DESERTION OF THE CAMPAGNA______________ 47 CHAPTER X THE MONUMENTS IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY ________________________ 49 CHAPTER XI THE INCURSION OF THE SARACENS, IN 846, AND THE EXTENSION OF THE FORTIFICATIONS OF THE CITY _________________________________________________ 56 CHAPTER XII THE FLOOD OF 856 _________________________________________________61 CHAPTER XIII THE ROME OF THE EINSIEDLEN ITINERARY _________________________ 63 CHAPTER XIV THE USURPERS OF THE HOLY SEE, AND THE SACK OF 1084 ___________68 CHAPTER XV ROME AT THE END OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY — THE ITINERARY OF BENEDICT ____________________________________________________________________ 75 CHAPTER XVI MARBLE-CUTTERS AND LIME-BURNERS OF MEDIAEVAL AND RENAISSANCE ROME__________________________________________________________ 78 CHAPTER XVII THE BEGINNINGS OF THE MODERN CITY____________________________85 CHAPTER XVIII THE SACKING OF ROME BY THE ARMY OF CHARLES OF BOURBON IN 1527 __________________________________________________________________________ 92 CHAPTER XIX THE MONUMENTS IN THE LATTER PART OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY97 CHAPTER XX THE MODERNISATION OF MEDIAEVAL BUILDINGS IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES ________________________________________________ 107 CHAPTER XXI MODERN USE OF ANCIENT MARBLES ______________________________ 109 HANDBOOKS OF ARCHÆOLOGY AND ANTIQUITIES _____________________________ 112 2

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. 1. — Substructions of the palace of Septimius Severus. _________________________________ 7 FIG. 2. — Torre dei Schiavi. __________________________________________________________9 FIG. 3. — Section of steps of the round temple of the Forum Boarium, showing earlier and later construction. ___________________________________________________________________10 FIG. 4. — Fragment of painted terra cotta antefix from the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. ___11 FIG. 5. — Fragment of painted tile from an early temple on the Esquiline. _____________________11 FIG. 6 — Section of excavations in the Via di S. Gregorin, showing changes of level. ____________ 14 FIG. 7. — Fragment of the tomb of Celer._______________________________________________ 15 FIG. 8 — Excavation of the Via Nazionale on the Quirinal, showing remains of buildings of diffirent periods. _______________________________________________________________________ 16 FIG. 9. — Part of the upper story of the Coliseum, repaired with materials from earlier buildings. __18 FIG. 10. — Another view of the upper story of the Coliseum, showing repairs made with architectural fragments from various sources. ____________________________________________________ 19 FIG. 11. — A statue, broken into fragments, in process of reconstruction. _____________________24 FIG. 12. — The monument of Stilicho in the Forum.______________________________________ 27 FIG. 13 — The raising of level at the Porta Ostiensis, A.D. 402. The Pyramid of Cestius is shown at the left.___________________________________________________________________________28 FIG. 14. — Bronze heads found in 1880 under the English church, Via del Babuino. 1. Augustus. 2. Nero. 3, 4. Portrait head of the first century — name unknown.____________________________34 FIG. 15. — Section of the channel of the Aqua Marcia, at Monte Arcese, showing deposits on the bottom and sides.________________________________________________________________38 FIG. 10. — The remains of the Claudian aqueduct at the Porta Furba._________________________ 40 FIG. 17. — Tomb of P. Vibius Marianus, so-called "Tomb of Nero," on the Via Clodia, 41/2 miles north of Rome.__________________________________________________________________43 FIG. 18. — Columbarium on the Via Severiana, near Ostia, opened in 1868. ___________________ 44 FIG. 19. — The Sepolcro degli Stucchi, showing the hole made by plunderers in the vaulted ceiling. 45 FIG. 20. — View of the Campagna. In the distance, remains of the Claudian Aqueduct, cut by Vitiges, and exploited in modern times for building materials. ___________________________________ 46 FIG. 21. — The column of Phocas in the Forum. At the right, further back, the remains of the temple of Saturn. ________________________________________________________________________49 FIG. 22. — The Pronaos of the Pantheon. _______________________________________________51 FIG. 23. — The tomb of St. Paul and the canopy of Arnolfo di Lapo in S. Paolo fuori Ie Mura, after the fire of 1823. ____________________________________________________________________58 FIG. 24. — Tower of the wall of Leo IV., now used as an observatory. _______________________ 59 FIG. 25. — The Forum flooded by the Tiber — 1898. _____________________________________ 61 FIG. 26. — The Ponte Salario, over the Anio, two miles north of Rome; blown up to prevent the advance of Garibaldi, in 1867.______________________________________________________ 66 FIG. 27. — View of the Caelian hill, looking southeast.____________________________________71 FIG. 28. — View of the Forum in 1821, partly excavated, showing the difference between the ancient and the madern level._____________________________________________________________72 FIG. 29. — The obelisk of the gardens of Sallust, as it lay after it had fallen. ___________________ 73 FIG. 31. — A typical Roman house of the twelfth century, built with odd fragments. ____________77 3

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