ISBN 978-5-98301-170-0
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Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации
Тихоокеанский государственный медицинский университет
MILITARY
MEDICINE
Учебное пособие по английскому языку для обучающихся
по специальностям 31.05.01 «Лечебное дело» ВУС 901000
«Лечебное дело в наземных войсках»,
31.05.01 «Лечебное дело» ВУС 901200
«Лечебное дело в силах флота»
Владивосток
Медицина ДВ
2019
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УДК 612:811.111 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1 я73
М76
Издано по рекомендации редакционно-издательского совета
Тихоокеанского государственного медицинского университета
Рецензенты:
Е.Я. Городецкая - кандидат филологических наук,
профессор Академического Департамента английского языка
Дальневосточного федерального университета
М.В. Бернавская - кандидат педагогических наук, доцент высшей
школы иностранных языков Санкт-Петербургского политехнического
университета им. Петра Великого
И.О. Осипов - заместитель начальника Учебного военного центра
(УВЦ) при Тихоокеанском государственном медицинском
университете Минздрава России, начальник учебной части,
полковник медицинской службы
Авторы:
Е.Е. Руденко, М.Б. Ковалёва, Ж.Н. Макушева,
Э.Ю. Огородникова, Е.С. Потехина, Н.А. Свиридюк,
О.Г. Чернышева, О.А. Яворская
М76 Military Medicine : учебное пособие по английскому языку /
Е.Е. Руденко, М.Б. Ковалёва, Ж.Н. Макушева и др. - Владивосток: Медицина
ДВ, 2019. - 156 с.
ISBN 978-5-98301-170-0
Пособие состоит из трёх разделов (Units), каждый из которых включает
уроки (Lessons), повествующие об истории военной медицины, дисциплинах
военной медицины, организации оказания медицинской помощи в чрезвычайных
ситуациях. Уроки (Lessons) включают в себя основные секции: отработка
активной лексики раздела - Vocabulary; развитие различных навыков чтения
(просмотрового, поискового, ознакомительного, изучающего) специальной
литературы на английском языке - Reading; упражнения, направленные на
развитие навыков устной речи - Speaking; развитие навыков аннотирования
и реферирования - Writing; развитие навыков письменного перевода - Written
Translation Practice; а также секции для самостоятельной проверки знаний -
Questions - и секции с дополнительными заданиями - Extra Activities.
В соответствии с Общеевропейской системой оценки языковой компетенции
(Common European Framework o f Reference for Languages) пособие
рассчитано на обучающихся со средним уровнем знаний английского языка
(Intermediate/B1-B2) и выше.
УДК 612:811.111 (075.8)
ББК 81.432.1 я73
ISBN 978-5-98301-170-0
© Коллектив авторов ТГМУ, 2019
© «Медицина ДВ», 2019
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CONTENTS
Unit I. The history of military medicine..............................................................................4
Lesson 1. Military medicine in early civilizations.................................................... 4
Lesson 2. Military medicine in the ancient world...................................................12
Lesson 3. The medieval military medicine...............................................................21
Part I. The middle ages in Europe................................................................21
Part II. Military medieval medicine in Bezantium
and Islamic countries ................................................................................. 29
Lesson 4. The renaissance military medicine (XIII-XVI).....................................37
Lesson 5. Military medicine in the 17-19th centuries............................................45
Lesson 6. Modern military medicine (the 20th- 21st centuries)............................52
Unit II. Military medicine disciplines................................................................................ 60
Lesson 7. Field aid........................................................................................................60
Lesson 8. Surgery..........................................................................................................66
Lesson 9. Toxicology and radiology..........................................................................75
Lesson 10. Epidemiology........................................................................................... 89
Lesson 11. Pharmacy...................................................................................................95
Unit III. Disasters.................................................................................................................. 103
Lesson 12. Disaster medicine.................................................................................. 103
Lesson 13. Natural disasters.................................................................................... 110
Lesson 14. Man-made disasters.............................................................................. 121
Lesson 15. Civil-military coordination..................................................................128
Written translation practice..................................................................................................136
The history of military medicine............................................................................. 136
Lesson 1. Military medicine in early civilizations............................................... 136
Lesson 2. Military medicines in the ancient world.............................................. 139
Lesson 3. The medieval military medicine.............................................................143
Lesson 4. The renaissance military medicine (XIII-XVI)...................................144
Lesson 5. Military medicine in the 17-19th centuries............................................145
Lesson 6. Modern military medicine (the 20th- 21st centuries).......................148
References................................................................................................................................. 154
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UNIT I.
THE HISTORY OF MILITARY
MEDICINE
LESSON 1. MILITARY MEDICINE IN EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
VOCABULARY
Ex. 1. Study the active vocabulary and memorize the definitions:
1. To improve
2. Combatant
3. Weapon(s)
to make or become better; to increase the value or good qualities;
to advance or make progress in what is desirable. Syn. to enhance
a person, group, nation, or country engaged in fighting during
war. Syn. soldier, warrior, fighter, trooper
something (such as a gun, knife, sword, or bomb) that is used
for fighting or attacking someone or for defending yourself
when someone is attacking you; any means used for battle.
Syn. arms
4. To emerge
5. To interfere
(with)
6. To conquer
7. Survivor
8. Troops
9. To trephine
10. To invade
to begin to exist or have power or influence; become visible,
known; to come out. Syn. to appear, to arise, to rise
to become involved in the activities and concerns of other
people, especially when your involvement is not wanted; to enter
into the concerns of others; to intervene for a particular purpose
or without invitation. Syn. to interpose, to impede, to intervene
to overcome and take control of (a country, city, etc.) by military
force; to gain the victory; to defeat. Syn. to subdue, to defeat
someone (or something) who continues to live, to exist, through
a difficult or dangerous period of time, event, or a situation
uniformed military personnel, soldiers, military forces. Syn.
army, armed force, fighting force, fighting men
to perforate (the skull) with a trepan, so as to remove a portion of
a bone, and thus relieve the brain from pressure or irritation; to
operate on with the trepan (usually on the skull). Syn. to trepan
to enter (a place, such as a foreign country, city) in order to take
control by military force; to enter (a place) in large numbers;
to enter or be in (a place where you are not wanted). Syn. to
encroach, to infringe, to trespass
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Ex. 2. Fill in the gaps with the words and phrases from the box below. Use
these words to make up your own sentences:
arrow
spear
helmet
armor
sword
shield
herb
bow
wound
fracture
injure
abscess
1. In primitive times people used___ finding them in fields and forests
to treat___ .
2. Egyptian military physicians demonstrated a surprisingly high level
o f___ surgery.
3. The Mesopotamians also learned to u se___ , first simple wooden
arcs, to kill from a distance with___ .
4. The Sumerians of lower Mesopotamia learned to make weapons that
were more effective than wooden___ and stone____in the battle.
5. Sumerians erected the world’s oldest known military stone
monument, in 2525 B.C that showed a king leading troops wearing
___ and body____.
6. Prehistoric fighters suffered both from crushing and penetrating___ .
7. Archaeological evidence confirms that ancient people had___ and
___ for protection and attack during the fight.
8. The prehistoric technique for repairing skull ___ was rather
sophisticated.
9. This ___ should be opened up immediately as the patient has
high temperature and there is a great risk of infection in this case.
10. Egyptian physicians treated any eye___with herbs and ointments.
READING
Ex. 3. Scan Text A and answer the following questions:
1. What kind of weapons did people use in prehistoric times? How do
military historians know today about it, and where do they draw this
information?
2. Do we know anything today about prehistoric treatment of soft
tissue injuries?
3. Did the wounded individual survive the trepanning surgery in
primitive times? What can we say about it looking at the found skulls?
4. How did people in Old Biblical Times react to those who interfered
with the natural course of the misfortunes, like illnesses or injuries?
What did Jews see in this hardship?
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axe
battlefield
swelling
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5. What can you say about military sanitation and hygiene in the Old
Israelite army? Were Hebrew physicians familiar with the secrets of
Egyptian and Babylonian medicine?
TEXT A. Military Medicine in Prehistoric Times. Old Biblical Medicine
Ex. 4. Read and translate the text:
Primitive Times. Because no written record exists of care for sick or
injured combatants in the prehistoric period, military historians rely on
information gained indirectly, such as the study of artifacts for information
about types of weapons, bones for evidence of injury or attempts to treat it,
or surviving primitive cultures for clues to how ancient people with similar
technology and lifestyles might have behaved.
Archaeological evidence confirms the use of rocks, clubs, slings, spears,
and arrows as weapons, so we can assume that prehistoric fighters suffered
both crushing and penetrating injuries. By far the most common direct
evidence of injury from combat and its treatment is in surviving skulls.
Trephined skulls have been found in Europe, the Americas (primarily
Peru and the United States), Africa, and the Pacific Islands. Many of these
remains suggest intentional efforts to repair depressed fractures - likely
the result of a blow from a blunt object - and 63 percent of those in one
collection show signs of healing that suggest that the wounded individual
survived the surgery. Some South American skulls have even been fitted
with silver plates to cover bony defects. Although they lacked writing, Incas
recorded trephine on both vases and statues. The prehistoric technique
for repairing skull fractures is suggested by that of early 20th-century
Berbers, who rotated pointed iron rods against the head to penetrate
bone. However, we know next
to nothing about prehistoric
treatment of soft tissue injuries as
those wounds leave no evidence
in skeletal remains.
Biblical Military Medicine
P r e h i s t o r i c t r e p a n n i n g
M a n y o f t h e e a r l i e s t t r e p a n n i n g
o p e r a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t u s i n g a
w o o d e n b o w d r i l l . T o s p in th e d r i l l , tH e
s u r g e o n w o u n d t h e l e a t h e r t h o n g
a r o u n d t h e d r i l l s h a f t a n d m o v e d th e
b o w w i th a s a w i n g m o t i o n .
(Old Testament). Biblical military
medicine covers the history of
military medicine in the ancient
kingdoms of Israel and Judah.
Study of Old Testament-era
military medicine is possible
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T t t M N M O РЯ t II 1ST СЖ 1C S K U U S H A V IU IN
KM INDW I I I I HOI I S IM I l1 I I » IN VARIOUS LOCATIONS
ON THE MEAD
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only thanks to available written sources: the five books of the Torah,
the Apocrypha, the Talmud, and the notoriously unreliable historian
Josephus. Biblical Jews tended to
see illness and injury as visitations
from God and mistrusted anyone
who interfered with the natural
course of those misfortunes. The
earliest biblical mention of a
physician occurs when King Asa
of Judah suffered from gangrene of
the foot and was gently chastised
for seeking the help of physicians
rather than going first to God. The
first mention of a battle injury
is that of King Joram in a battle
with the Syrians in 700 B.C. Even
at the height of their military
power under Solomon and David,
the Israelites never had large
A female skull from the Neolithic era
(3500 b.c.e.); the patient survived,
as there is evidence of healing.
(Natural History Museum, Lausanne).
armies, and no evidence exists that they ever had dedicated military
physicians.
They supervised rigid sanitation of water, food and the utensils used
in food preparation. Although sanitary regulation of military camps
returned with the Romans, neither the Greeks nor the Macedonians
had any such rules. The Talmud, mostly in relation to rules of ritual
slaughter, contains the only detailed gross pathological descriptions of
diseased organs before the work of Antonio Beniveni and Andreas Vesalius
17 centuries later.
The Bible says nothing of Hebrew military surgeons, although it is
known that the Israelites later adopted both splinting and circumcision
from the Egyptians and knew how to suture wounds. Israelite physicians
were also familiar with crutches and artificial limbs. A single skull from
the Assyrian Sennacherib’s defeat of Hezekiah’s forces at Lachish in about
702 B.C. shows a healed trephine opening; proving both that Israelite
physicians were capable of opening a wounded skull and having the
patient survive.
Ex. 5. Look through Text A again and name the main “achievements” of
Prehistoric Times medicine.
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ADDITIONAL READING
TEXT B. Mesopotamian Military Medicine (Ancient Babylon)
Ex. 6. Scan the text and find the words that you do not understand.
Consult a dictionary to find their meanings:
The story of military medicine parallels the evolution of military
technology. Not long after settling into the riverine civilizations, men learned
to make weapons that were more effective than wooden spears and stone
axes, and, by the time writing emerged around 5000 B.C., the Sumerians of
lower Mesopotamia had already moved beyond simply crushing, slashing,
and poking with a stick or a stone. They had learned to harden copper into
bronze that would hold an edge sharp enough
to slice skin and muscle and could, when
mounted at the tip of a spear, penetrate any
protection that was not metal itself. They also
learned to use bows, first simple wooden arcs
and then compound recurved models, to kill
from a distance.
Mesopotamia, a name derived from the
Greek for “between the rivers" refers to the
area between the Tigris and the Euphrates
rivers and is encompassed in modern Iraq.
Mesopotamia shares the distinction of being
a cradle of civilization. The area’s ability
to produce large amounts of wheat, made
concentrations of people possible, and
cities appeared here between the rivers by
4000 B.C. These cities reached populations
of 30,000-35,000. With cities came leaders
who could precipitate in wars, soldiers who
could fight them. The various empires that
ruled Mesopotamia lasted almost 5,000 years
beginning with the ancient Sumerians, who created the mathematics,
from which our decimal system is derived, the time divisions still in use,
and writing.
In 2750 B.C., Sargon I of Akkad in the northern part of Mesopotamia
The Code o f Hammurabi.
Louvre Museum, Paris
invaded Sumer and united the entire valley. The Mesopotamians were
aggressively militaristic. After the valley united, the various governments
directed their energies against their neighbors. Sumerians erected the
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Stele of cultures, the world’s oldest known military monument, in 2525
B.C. The great stone shows a king in his chariot (the oldest known military
use of the wheel) leading troops in phalanx formation wearing helmets
and body armor and carrying metal-tipped weapons.
In some areas, the Sumerians were empirical scientists including
medical fields. They introduced the concepts of diagnosis, prognosis,
physical examination, and prescriptions. They understood the relation
between poor sanitation and disease and built sophisticated water supply
and sewer systems. They knew a surprising amount about parasites and
insects and their relation to disease. Only two incomplete clay tablets
survive that deal directly with Sumerian military medicine, although
these writings, which date to 2300 B.C., are the oldest known medical
documents. The tablets deal almost exclusively with prescriptions and
herbal remedies, but it is possible to infer a good deal about Sumerian
medicine from later tablets as the transfer of knowledge in Mesopotamia
seems to have been smooth and well maintained from century
to century.
The eight-foot-tall black stone inscribed with the Code of Hammurabi
includes, in laws 215-233, several statutes dealing with fees and with
penalties for malpractice but little else of medical interest. However,
Assurbanipal (668-626 B.C.), the last of the great Assyrian kings, was a
compulsive book collector. When his library at Nineveh was destroyed,
some 30,000 clay tablets, including 800 that deal specifically with
medicine, were buried in a trench, from which they were unearthed
in 1853. Most are prescriptions, but 40 tablets comprise the Treatise of
Medical Diagnosis and Prognosis and form the backbone of what we know
about Mesopotamian medicine.
Mesopotamian medicine recognized three ways of healing:
incantations and prayers, drugs, most of which were botanicals; and
a limited repertoire of surgical procedures. We can guess about their
treatment of war wounds and diseases based on what we can glean
from knowledge of Mesopotamian medicine in general. The doctors
recognized fever and local heat and swelling as the general and local
signs of inflammation and, unlike the Greeks and all other practitioners
to modern times, had no illusions about pus being a laudable
development. They used metal tubes to drain pus and incised abscesses
and other wounds with knives identical to those used by barbers for
shaving. Wounds were treated in three phases: washing, application of
poultices, and bandaging. Unlike the Egyptians, Mesopotamians seem
never to have learned to suture wounds or splint fractures.
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