Оptical methods of analysis : Educational aid (190,00 руб.)

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UDC 543.4(075) Published by the decision of the Editorial Review Board of the Kazan National Research Technological University Reviewers: PhD., Professor G. Budnikov PhD., Professor S. Egorova Bakeeva R. Оptical methods of analysis : Educational aid / R. Bakeeva, S. Garmonov; The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, Kazan National Research Technological University. – Kazan : KNRTU Press, 2023. – 84 p. ISBN 978-5-7882-3398-7 The basic principles of optical methods of analysis based on the use of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions of the spectrum are described. Laboratory works on spectrophotometry and photometry, IR-spectroscopy, flame emission spectroscopy and refractometry are given. Examples of control questions are given. Methods for conducting laboratory work are given. A glossary of optical terms is provided. Designed for students majoring in Chemical Technology programmes and studying Analytical Chemistry in English. Prepared at the Department of Analytical Chemistry, Certification and Quality Management. UDC 543.4(075) ISBN 978-5-7882-3398-7 © R. Bakeeva, S. Garmonov, 2023 © Kazan National Research Technological University, 2023 2

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CONT ENTS Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5 1. CLASSIFICATION OF OPTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS ............................. 7 2. ABSORPTION OF LIGHT BY A SUBSTANCE...................................................... 9 2.1. Classification of absorption methods of analysis ................................................. 9 2.2. The device and principle of operation of the spectrophotometer ....................... 14 3. PHOTOMETRY AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRY ................................................ 17 3.1. Basic law of light absorption .............................................................................. 17 3.2. Conditions for conducting quantitative determinations in photometry and spectrophotometry ............................................................................................... 19 4. METHODS FOR DETERMINING CONCENTRATION IN OPTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS ......................................................................................... 23 4.1. Calibration curve method .................................................................................... 23 4.2. Comparison method ............................................................................................ 24 4.3. Standard addition method ................................................................................... 25 4.4. Differential photometry method ......................................................................... 26 5. LABORATORY WORK ON SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND PHOTOMETRY .................................................................................................. 28 5.1. Laboratory work on photometry ......................................................................... 28 5.1.1. Choice of optimal conditions for photometric determinations ..................... 28 5.1.2. Photometric determination of copper ........................................................... 29 5.1.3. Photocolorimetric determination of titanium (IV) ....................................... 31 5.2. Laboratory work on spectrophotometry ............................................................. 33 5.2.1. Obtaining absorption spectra of a methyl orange solution at different pH of the solution .................................................................................................... 33 5.2.2. Determination of the dissociation constant of methyl orange ...................... 35 5.2.3. Obtaining an absorption spectrum and quantifying acetone ........................ 36 5.2.4. Spectrophotometric determination of phosphates ........................................ 37 Control questions ....................................................................................................... 38 6. INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ............................................................................... 40 6.1. Origin of absorption bands in the IR-spectrum ................................................. 41 6.2. The main types of oscillations and bands in the IR-spectra ............................... 42 3

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6.3. Qualitative IR-analysis ........................................................................................ 43 6.4. Device of IR-spectrometers ................................................................................ 49 6.5. Methods for preparing samples for analysis ....................................................... 50 6.6 Quantitative analysis by IR-spectra ..................................................................... 52 6.7. Fields of application, advantages and disadvantages of the IR-spectroscopy method ........................................................................................................................ 54 6.8. Questions and tasks ............................................................................................. 55 6.8.1. Questions to prepare for the colloquium ...................................................... 55 6.8.2. Control questions .......................................................................................... 56 6.8.3. Device diagram ............................................................................................. 57 6.8.4. Laboratory work 1. Obtaining an IR-spectrum and identification of polymeric materials ................................................................................................. 58 6.8.5. Laboratory work 2. Quantitative analysis of a mixture of xylene isomers .................................................................................................................... 59 7. ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY ............................................................... 61 7.1. Theoretical foundations....................................................................................... 61 7.2. Flame emission spectroscopy ............................................................................. 65 7.2.1. Equipment and measurement technique ....................................................... 65 7.2.2. Flame photometric determination of sodium ions ........................................ 68 7.2.3. Flame photometric determination of potassium ions ................................... 69 7.2.4. Flame photometric determination of calcium ions ....................................... 70 7.2.5. Flame photometric determination of sodium and potassium ions in drinking water ..................................................................................................... 71 Control questions ....................................................................................................... 72 8. REFRACTOMETRIC ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 73 8.1. Fundamentals of method ..................................................................................... 73 8.2. Determination of carbohydrate content in aqueous solutions by refractometric method ........................................................................................... 75 Control questions ....................................................................................................... 77 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 78 Glossary ......................................................................................................................... 80 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 83 4

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