Экология

The writer tells about the current state of the environment and the deep reasons of ecological crisis, gives the forecasts of development of an environmental disaster in various regions, the countries and continents for the future thirty years. The book contains a lot of information about the issues of environmental impact on the life of modern people and environmental prospects. Without laying claims to deep analysis of certain aspects of the challenge, the book is written imaginatively, it is full of unexpected allusions and offers the readers such plot twists that make you look at wellknown things differently.

Construction and exploitation of the gas pipeline is associated with seriously geoecological risks. The magnitude of risks depends on the kind and value of the impact of influencing factors. The factors of geoecological risk mean to the natural and technical conditions, which influences to probability of occurrence, the value of processes with adverse geoecological consequences, also the size of the expected geoecological damage during the transportation of associated petroleum gas (Gubaidullin and Korobov 2005). Territory near shore of Pechora sea between Bolvanskaya bay and Khaypudyrskaya bay is modern promising center of oil production in region. Ricing of oil production connect with ricing of associated petroleum gas (APG) production and searching of ways of effective utilization APG (instead of burning on torch) is actual challenge. The most promising way is common gathering pipeline system with one center of preparing and utilization of APG. Building and exploitation of pipelines connected with high gejecologilal risks. Evaluation and minimization of geecological risk is actual task. It is necessary to plan steps to minimizing risks (Day et al. 1998) to design stage to reduce the impact on the environment. The factor`s indicators of geoeological risk are distributed unevenly along the gas pipeline. Zoning should help to analyze the distribution of geoecological risk factors and determine territories for activities.

As growth was the defining condition of the 20th century, so scarcity is set to define the 21st. Already it pervades political discourse and shapes our reading of the economy and the environment. But scarcity is not just the inevitable result of growth and resource exploitation — every innovation results in new scarcities. Scarcity is constructed daily through the creation of desire, it is designed. The authors of this timely essay set out to establish a more sophisticated understanding of scarcity. Moving beyond the idea that lack and inequality are simply laws of nature, they argue that scarcity can be challenged. The message for architects and designers — experts in working with constraints — is that scarcity is a process, and one that can be productive. This essay asks us to throw out our simplistic Malthusian graphs and escape the stranglehold that scarcity has on our imaginations.

Modelling of radiation transfer through natural multilayer media is relevant for many climatological, hydrological and ecological issues. Te possibility of using the models is determined by the comprehensiveness of the information on the properties and structure of certain layers: ground, vegetation, atmosphere. Tree-dimensional spatial organisation of tundra vegetation cover is understudied compared to vegetation structure of the boreal zone. In the scope of the research, the structure of sedge-tundra vegetation cover in the Nenets Autonomous Area and the Murmansk Region was investigated using specialised hardware-sofware system which allows to take photos of the cover from diferent angles, construct virtual three-dimensional models and obtain the values of parameters characterising the structure. Te feld survey of the sites was carried out in August 2016 and 2017. Phytoelement angle distributions obtained difer from standard erectophile distribution frequently used for modelling orientation of phytoelements in cover formed by grasses/sedges. Te shape of phytoelement angle distribution varies from site to site depending on the dominant species. Experiments on ftting real distributions by diferent functions established that the generalised shape of the distribution in the studied cover is best described by a rotated-ellipsoidal function with a parameter equal to 2.69. Information obtained on the structure of the vegetation cover can be used in modelling microwaves and solar radiation propagation.