Christian art and archaeology (290,00 руб.)

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CHRISTIAN ART AND ARCHÆOLOGY BEING A HANDBOOK TO THE MONUMENTS OF THE EARLY CHURCH BY WALTER LOWRIE, M.A. LATE FELLOW OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ROME New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1901 All rights reserved

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CONTENTS PREFACE...................................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................6 CHRISTIAN CEMETERIES.....................................................................28 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROMAN CATACOMBS..............28 THE FOSSORS ...........................................................................................41 THE CATACOMBS AND THE TITLES..................................................42 THE CHRISTIAN MODE OF BURIAL...................................................45 WORSHIP IN THE CATACOMBS ..........................................................48 CONSTRUCTIONS ABOVE GROUND...................................................52 THE AGAPE................................................................................................55 LEGAL TENURE OF THE CEMETERIES ............................................58 INSCRIPTIONS ..........................................................................................66 HISTORY OF THIS CATACOMBS AFTER THE FOURTH CENTURY .......................................................................................................................80 III CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE..........................................................86 A. THE BASILICA .....................................................................................92 B. THE CENTRAL TYPE........................................................................134 BOUND OR POLYGONAL BUILDINGS..............................................138 SIMPLE PLAN .......................................................................................138 COMPOSITE PLAN.................................................................................141 THE DOME ON A SQUARE BASE........................................................150 CROSS-SHAPED PLAN........................................................................150 OBLONG PLAN........................................................................................155 C. FURNITURE OF THE CHURCH......................................................161 ALTAR AND CONFESSIO....................................................................161 THE CIBORIUM......................................................................................170 THE CHANCELS .....................................................................................171 THE COLONNADE IN FRONT OF THE PRESBYTERIUM.............173 THE CATHEDRA.....................................................................................175 THE AMBON............................................................................................177 FURNITURE OF THE BAPTISTERY...................................................178 D. POSITION AND SURROUNDINGS OF THE CHURCH................179 ORIENTATION......................................................................................179 ATRIUM AND PERIBOLOS...................................................................181 ADJOINING BUILDINGS.......................................................................185 IV PICTORIAL ART................................................................................189 A. EARLY CHBISTIAN PAINTING......................................................191 BEING THE FRESCOS OF THE CATACOMBS AND EARLY CHRISTIAN SYMBOLISM IN GENERAL...........................................191 EARLY CHRISTIAN SYMBOLISM......................................................197 SYMBOLS OF DIVINE DELIVERANCE..............................................202 THE ORANS..............................................................................................206 OLD TESTAMENT CHARACTERS......................................................209 THE MIRACLES OF CHRIST ...............................................................218 THE GOOD SHEPHERD.........................................................................219 - 1 -

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CHRISTIAN ART AND ARCHEOLOGY CONTENTS THE CELESTIAL BANQUET................................................................226 THE EUCHARISTIC BANQUET...........................................................228 THE FISH..................................................................................................236 THE CROSS AND THE MONOGRAM.................................................241 THE VIRGIN MARY ...............................................................................249 B. SCULPTURE........................................................................................252 SARCOPHAGI ..........................................................................................257 THE DOORS OF S. SABINA...................................................................274 THE CRUCIFIXION................................................................................281 IVORY CARVING....................................................................................284 STATUARY...............................................................................................294 MOSAICS ..................................................................................................298 THE CONSTANTINIAN MOSAICS ......................................................301 THEMES OF THE APSIDAL DECORATION......................................305 APSIDAL MOSAIC OF S. PUDENZIANA............................................308 APSIDAL MOSAICS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH CENTURIES ....315 HISTORICAL SUBJECTS ......................................................................323 MOSAICS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY AT RAVENNA......................334 D. MINIATURES......................................................................................338 V THE MINOR ARTS..............................................................................345 EUCHARISTIC VESSELS.......................................................................348 LAMPS.......................................................................................................352 CENSERS ..................................................................................................359 DIVERS OBJECTS...................................................................................360 GLASS........................................................................................................363 THE TEXTILE ART.................................................................................369 TAPESTRY................................................................................................377 ALTAR CLOTHES AND CHURCH CURTAINS .................................385 VI CIVIL AND ECCLESIASTICAL DRESS.........................................391 THE TUNIC...............................................................................................397 THE DALMATIC .....................................................................................402 PÆNULA — CHASUBLE .......................................................................404 THE CHLAMYS.......................................................................................408 LACERNA — BIRRUS ............................................................................409 THE TOGA................................................................................................410 THE PALLIUM.........................................................................................412 THE PALLIUM SCARF...........................................................................416 THE STOLE AND THE MANIPLE........................................................419 APPENDICES ...........................................................................................424 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................424 THE CATACOMBS..................................................................................430 ARCHITECTURE ....................................................................................430 2

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COPYRIGHT, 1901 BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY PREFACE THIS volume is designed to give a general view of the monuments of the early Church, comprising in its scope all branches of Christian art and archæology, and treating each of them as completely as handbook. It is designed also, in behalf of students who may wish to pursue the subject further, to provide a general introduction to the archaeology of the early Christian period. To this end it is hoped that the Bibliography will be found useful. This book deals expressly with the monumental remains of Christian antiquity, and only incidentally with the early literature which illustrates the same period and the same subjects. It gives a detailed exposition of many of the most representative monuments, especially of those which are reproduced in the accompanying illustrations. There is included only so much of a more general nature as is necessary to define the point of view from which the monuments of early Christian art must be regarded, or to summarize the historical inferences which may be drawn from them. The author has confined himself scrupulously to the well-defined and soundly assured results of this study, and has endeavored to eliminate questions of a controversial character. The period covered by this study extends from the second to the sixth century inclusive. The interest of this period to the secular student lies in the fact that it represents the last phase of Græco-Roman art and civilization, and reveals at the same time a new artistic impulse which, after remaining dormant for centuries, was destined to germinate in another soil and appear again in the more familiar art of the Middle Ages. The religious interest of the period is of course still greater, whether to those who trace back to it their religious forms and customs through the medium of the Middle Ages, or to those who refer for their inspiration more directly to the early Church. - 3 - is possible within the limits of a

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CHRISTIAN ART AND ARCHEOLOGY rely upon the conclusions PREFACE It is obvious that so compendious a work as this must of themselves specially to one or another of the departments which are herein treated. To speak only of writers still scholars who have devoted living, the author is glad to express his obligation to Mgr. Joseph Wilpert for all that concerns early Christian painting, as also in the matter of civil and ecclesiastical dress; Marucchi for to Professor Orazio the latest study of the Roman catacombs; to Professor G. Dehio for the study of the Christian basilicas; to M. Auguste Choisy for the analysis of Byzantine architecture; to Dr. Heinrich Holtzinger for Christian architecture in general; to Dr. R. Forrer for the study of textile art; and to all who have kindly consented to the reproduction of their illustrations. He is under obligation also to Mr. Charles R. Morey, Fellow of the American School of Classical Studies assistance in reading the proofs. in Rome, for kind PRINCETON, N.J., April, 1901. 4

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