However, in the 11th century, differences between groups became much smaller, possibly due to the political activities of King Saint Stephen, which resulted in a more homogeneous population. <...> Key words: paleodemography, skeletal populations, Great Hungarian Plain, Tiszбntъl region, age of Hungarian Conquest, Arpadian Age Contact information: Jбnos Istvбn, e-mail: janosi2@zeus.nyf.hu. <...> FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONSET OF MOTHERHOOD IN POLAND Kaczmarek Maria Department of Human Biological Development, Institute of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland Factors of lifestyle and social behaviour were examined in relation to the age at fi rst childbirth given by Polish women. <...> In a sample of 1924 parous women aged 35–45 years at the time of examination, crude associations between maternal age at fi rst birth and selected covariates including place of residence, educational attainment, employment status, fi nancial strain, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol use and weight status were evaluated. <...> The bivariate relations were then adjusted to marital status and use of oral contraceptives (OCU). <...> The study revealed key sets of social predictor variables for maternal fi rst birth age in Poland. <...> The large city residents with higher educational level, currently employed and without fi nancial strain, non-smoking cigarettes and non-drinking alcohol, participating in physical exercises and maintaining proper weight and oral contraceptive users were more likely to delay their fi rst childbirth over the median age of 23 years, than their counterparts. <...> The probability of delivering fi rst child at more advanced age was almost two times higher for the large-city residents than for their rural counterparts (OR=1.58); fi ve times higher for women with better educational qualifi cations as compared to primarily educated peers (OR=5.24). <...> Currently employed women were 1.5 times more likely to be primiparous at a more advanced age than the unemployed counterparts (OR=1.5). <...> Current smokers were 1.3 times less likely than their peers who had never smoked to deliver a child at an older age (OR=0.75). <...> The OC users were 1.5 times <...>