Miscellaneous Carbonic Ester Polymers . 122 1.5 Polyamides and Polyimides . 124 1.5.1 Polyamides of Enhanced Solubility. 146 1.5.2 Other Aliphatic Polyamides . 148 1.5.3 Polyimides . 150 1.5.4 Modified Polyimides . 154 1.5.5 Elastomeric Polyamides . 159 1.6 Furan Resins . 161 1.7 Organoelement Polymers . 164 1.7.1 Silicones . 164 1.7.2 Silicone Fluids . 175 1.7.3 Silicone Resins . 180 1.7.4 Fluorine-containing Polymers: Polytetrafluoroethylene . 183 1.7.5 Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymers . 189 1.7.6 Tetrafluoroethylene-Ethylene Copolymers (ETFE) . 190 1.7.7 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers (PCTFE) . 191 1.7.8 Poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) . 192 1.7.9 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) . 193 2 PLASTICS BASED ON CHEMICALLY MODIFIED POLYMERS . 194 2.1 General Patterns of Polymer Chemical Modification . 194 3 2.2 Chemically Modified Polymers of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons . 198 2.2.1 Cross-Linked Polyethylene . 198 2.2.2 Chlorinated Polyethylene . 200 2.2.3 Chlorinated PVC . 201 2.2.4 High-impact Polystyrene (HIPS) (Toughened Polystyrene (TPS)) . 202 2.2.5 ABS Plastics . 205 2.3 Polymeric Alchohols and Their Derivatives . 212 2.3.1 Poly(vinyl alcohol) . 212 2.3.2 Poly(vinyl acetals) . 215 2.4 Cellulose Plastics . 217 2.4.1 Cellulose Esters . 221 2.4.2 Cellulose Ethers . 236 2.4.3 Regenerated Cellulose . 240 2.4.4 Vulcanized Fibre . 241 2.5 Ionic Polymers . 242 2.5.1 Ionomers . 252 2.5.2 Polyelectrolytes . 260 4 Preface One of the fastest changing fields today is the field of plastics as new polymers are synthesized, new uses are found, and existing processes and products are modified and improved for ecological needs, better economics, and better values. <...> The third group of polymers includes chemically modified polymers of unsaturated hydrocarbons, polymeric alchohols, cellulose plastics and other polymers and polymeric combinations that play special and often critical roles in diverse fields of human activities. 5 1 CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION In this form of polymerization, initiation and termination stages do not exist and chain growth occurs by random reaction between two reactive groups. <...> Thus in contradistinction to addition <...>
Plastics_technology._P.2_tutorial.pdf
УДК 678.5(075)
ББК 35.71.я7
Софьина С.Ю.
Plastics technology : учебное пособие. Ч. 2 / С.Ю. Софьина; М-во
образ. и науки России, Казан. нац. исслед. технол. ун-т. – Казань : Изд-во
КНИТУ, 2012. – 276 с.
ISBN 978-5-7882-1295-1
ISBN 978-5-7882-1297-5 (ч. 2)
technology”.
The
240100 – “Chemical
tutorial
polymerization,
(preparation
Tutorial is conformed to a State education standard in the direction
technology” and the program “Polymer science and
polycondensation
of monomer,
describes plastics based on polymers obtained by
and on chemically modified polymers
or
polymerization
processing and applications).
The tutorial is designed for the masters
polycondensation,
studying
properties,
the disciplines
“Chemistry and physics of macromolecular compounds”, “General chemical
technology of polymers”, “Plastics technology”.
Prepared by the Department of Plastics technology.
Учебное пособие соответствует Государственному образовательному
стандарту по направлению 240100 – «Химическая технология» и программе
«Наука о полимерах и технология».
В пособии описаны пластмассы на основе полимеров, получаемых
путем полимеризации, поликонденсации, и химически модифицированные
полимеры (подготовка мономера, полимеризация или поликонденсация,
свойства, переработка и применение).
Предназначено для магистров, изучающих дисциплины «Химия и
физика высокомолекулярных соединений», «Общая химическая технология
полимеров», «Технология пластмасс».
Подготовлено на кафедре технологии пластических масс.
Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета Казанского
национального исследовательского технологического университета
Рецензенты: проф. Л.А. Абдрахманова
проф. Ю.А. Тунакова
ISBN 978-5-7882-1297-5 (ч. 2) © Софьина С.Ю., 2012
ISBN 978-5-7882-1295-1
© Казанский национальный исследовательский
технологический университет, 2012
Стр.2
Сontents
Preface .......................................................................................................... 5
1 CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION ................................................ 6
1.1 Epoxy Resins ...................................................................................... 9
1.2 Phenolic Resins ................................................................................. 36
1.3 Aminoplastics ................................................................................... 62
1.3.1 Urea-Formaldehyde Resins ........................................................ 64
1.3.2 Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins ................................................ 73
1.3.3 Melamine-Phenolic Resins ......................................................... 81
1.3.4 Aniline-Formaldehyde Resins .................................................... 81
1.3.5 Resins Containing Thiourea ....................................................... 82
1.4 Heterochain Polyesters ...................................................................... 83
1.4.1 Unsaturated Polyester Laminating Resins .................................. 86
1.4.2 Polyester Moulding Compositions ............................................. 94
1.4.3 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Moulding Materials ...................... 97
1.4.4 Polycarbonates.......................................................................... 100
1.4.5 Alloys Based on Bis-phenol A Polycarbonates ........................ 119
1.4.6 Polyester Carbonates and Block Copolymers .......................... 121
1.4.7. Miscellaneous Carbonic Ester Polymers ................................. 122
1.5 Polyamides and Polyimides ............................................................ 124
1.5.1 Polyamides of Enhanced Solubility.......................................... 146
1.5.2 Other Aliphatic Polyamides ..................................................... 148
1.5.3 Polyimides ................................................................................ 150
1.5.4 Modified Polyimides ................................................................ 154
1.5.5 Elastomeric Polyamides ........................................................... 159
1.6 Furan Resins .................................................................................... 161
1.7 Organoelement Polymers ................................................................ 164
1.7.1 Silicones ................................................................................... 164
1.7.2 Silicone Fluids .......................................................................... 175
1.7.3 Silicone Resins ......................................................................... 180
1.7.4 Fluorine-containing Polymers: Polytetrafluoroethylene .......... 183
1.7.5 Tetrafluoroethylene-Hexafluoropropylene Copolymers .......... 189
1.7.6 Tetrafluoroethylene-Ethylene Copolymers (ETFE) ................. 190
1.7.7 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene Polymers (PCTFE) ...................... 191
1.7.8 Poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) ....................................................... 192
1.7.9 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) ......................................................... 193
2 PLASTICS BASED ON CHEMICALLY MODIFIED POLYMERS .. 194
2.1 General Patterns of Polymer Chemical Modification ..................... 194
3
Стр.3
2.2 Chemically Modified Polymers of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons ...... 198
2.2.1 Cross-Linked Polyethylene ...................................................... 198
2.2.2 Chlorinated Polyethylene ......................................................... 200
2.2.3 Chlorinated PVC ...................................................................... 201
2.2.4 High-impact Polystyrene (HIPS) (Toughened Polystyrene (TPS))
........................................................................................................... 202
2.2.5 ABS Plastics ............................................................................. 205
2.3 Polymeric Alchohols and Their Derivatives ................................... 212
2.3.1 Poly(vinyl alcohol) ................................................................... 212
2.3.2 Poly(vinyl acetals) .................................................................... 215
2.4 Cellulose Plastics ............................................................................ 217
2.4.1 Cellulose Esters ........................................................................ 221
2.4.2 Cellulose Ethers ........................................................................ 236
2.4.3 Regenerated Cellulose .............................................................. 240
2.4.4 Vulcanized Fibre ...................................................................... 241
2.5 Ionic Polymers ................................................................................ 242
2.5.1 Ionomers ................................................................................... 252
2.5.2 Polyelectrolytes ............................................................................ 260
4
Стр.4